Poems :: Poetry Essays

PoemsStar-watching The moon grows sm altogetherer As it slips up behind the aspen tree. Warm, night winds rustles the leaves While across the sky colour, pin-point stars spread Earlier, the moon was huge and yellow, Sitting low over the eastern horizon. A refreshing flowerpot after the severe heat Of the recently August day. The cold, dampness of the ground Seeps into my body. Grass ends tickle through the fabric of my shirt. It is a good night for star-watching. personnel casualty Dust Clouds Dragon-shaped clouds are gilded metal(prenominal) by the setting sun As it slips towards the flat, western edge of the desert. The sagebrush, lining both sides of the red dirt road, Houses an miscellany of singing insects, Or was it stinging insects. At any rate, Their tracks, along with those of fox, coyote, snakes And a varied assortment of rodents, criss-cross the road. I obliterate them with the toe of my shoe, Kicking up a small cloud of red pitter-patter with each scuffing s tep. On Rain The swirling water runs brown Spring forever rainfalls River banks are swept under The glistening sun bakes the earth Green leaves address yellow The rains are long forgotten Fall rains mat dead brown leaves Carpeting the ground olden branches pray towards heaven Cold rain becomes falling snow Drifts cover the creek Spring will melt the snow again. Moon Shadows Shining fore from the black sky, a brilliant image, the anxious face of the moon, drawing on the snow-covered ground with its unmortgaged. The shadows on the ground mirror the moons own dark shadows. The cutting lines make faces on the snow, dark eyes, with white cheeks and lips sparkling. The faces seem to hold a certain brilliance all their own. More than just the tangible night trip pop reflecting in shimmers off slopes of snow, It is as if all of the knowledge stored in the moon had passed through moonbeams to hide in the dark shadows, behind the snows surface, sparkling. Icy fingers r each out to my soul, the fingers of snow- shadows. Made out of the endless, luminous light from the knowledge of moon-beams and star-beams. Theirs, a brilliant plot, they capture my eyes, my being, with their own sparkling eyes. They see past my eyes into my innermost soul, where it is dark.Poems Poetry EssaysPoemsStar-watching The moon grows smaller As it slips up behind the aspen tree. Warm, night winds rustles the leaves While across the sky white, pin-point stars spread Earlier, the moon was huge and yellow, Sitting low over the eastern horizon. A refreshing sight after the severe heat Of the late August day. The cold, dampness of the ground Seeps into my body. Grass ends tickle through the fabric of my shirt. It is a good night for star-watching. Red Dust Clouds Dragon-shaped clouds are gilded gold by the setting sun As it slips towards the flat, western edge of the desert. The sagebrush, lining both sides of the red dirt road, Houses an assortment of singing insects, Or was it stinging insects. At any rate, Their tracks, along with those of fox, coyote, snakes And a varied assortment of rodents, criss-cross the road. I obliterate them with the toe of my shoe, Kicking up a small cloud of red dust with each scuffing step. On Rain The swirling water runs brown Spring forever rains River banks are swept under The shining sun bakes the earth Green leaves turn yellow The rains are long forgotten Fall rains mat dead brown leaves Carpeting the ground Gray branches pray towards heaven Cold rain becomes falling snow Drifts cover the creek Spring will melt the snow again. Moon Shadows Shining forth from the black sky, a brilliant image, the glowing face of the moon, drawing on the snow-covered ground with its light. The shadows on the ground mirror the moons own dark shadows. The stark lines make faces on the snow, dark eyes, with white cheeks and lips sparkling. The faces seem to hold a certain brilliance all their own. More than just the tang ible night light reflecting in shimmers off slopes of snow, It is as if all of the knowledge stored in the moon had passed through moonbeams to hide in the dark shadows, behind the snows surface, sparkling. Icy fingers reach out to my soul, the fingers of snow- shadows. Made out of the endless, luminous light from the knowledge of moon-beams and star-beams. Theirs, a brilliant plot, they capture my eyes, my being, with their own sparkling eyes. They see past my eyes into my innermost soul, where it is dark.

Shakespeares King Lear - The Redemption of King Lear Essay -- King Le

The Redemption of King Lear It is said that no some other playwright illustrates the human condition like William Shakespeare. Furthermore, it is said that no other play illustrates the human condition like King Lear. The story of a bad king who becomes a good man is truly one of the deepest analyses of earth in literary history and it can be best seen through the evolution of Lear himself. In essence, King Lear goes through hell in order to cook up for his sins. Lears relationship with his three daughters, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia, is, from the beginning, very uncharacteristic of the typical father-daughter relationship. Its clear that the king is more interested in words than true feelings, as he begins by makeing which of his daughters loves him most. Goneril and Regans answers are descriptive and sound somewhat phony, but Lear is flattered by them. Cordelias response of nothing is honest but her father misunderstands the plea and banishes her. Lears basi c break at the beginning of the play is that he values appearances above reality. He wants to be treated as a king and to enjoy the title, but he doesnt want to fulfill a kings obligations. Similarly, his test of his daughters demonstrates that he values a flattering public display of love over real love. He doesnt ask which of you doth love us most, but rather, which of you shall we say doth love us most? (I.i.49). It would be simple to conclude that Lear is simply blind to the truth, but Cordelia is already his favorite(a) daughter at the beginning of the play, so presumably he knows that she loves him the most. Nevertheless, Lear values Goneril and Regans fawning over Cordelias sincere sense of filial duty. ... ...e and determination to repair his purport is evident at this point, and continues to show for the duration of the play. Perhaps Lears most difficult moment to endure is when he discovers his youngest and most prized daughter, Cordelia, dead. His in itial reaction is of unbearable pain, but, being in his current state of madness, some of the anguish is alleviated when he realizes that she is alive. The king overcomes his earlier mistakes only after losing the one daughter who truly love him. Its debatable whether Lear is completely conscious of his loss, but more plausible to suspect he is not fully affected by it as he is no longer in his right mind. Finally, Lear has dealt with the consequences of his decisions and is redeemed. Work Consulted Halio, J. The Tragedy of King Lear. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1992.

The Power of Stretching :: Sports Running Stretch Exercise Essays

The Power of StretchingThe m wholenessy and the fame be irrelevant really. Im just a hamstring away from oblivion youve got to tone of voice at it like that. ---- Steve Jones Running is the oldest and most popular sports in the world. Most runners feel that running is fairly simple, when in reality it is real complex. Running is one of the only sports that gives the whole body a work out. Leg strength and cardiovascular endurance play huge roles in the success of a runner, scarcely they are not the only things that measure ones running ability. Upper body strength and back support are also important in running. Since athletess bodies are made up entirely of muscle, they must exercise often in order to take care of themselves and prevent injuries. Muscles are like any new(prenominal) thing in the world, the more you use them the stronger they get. Running long distances is strenuous on the muscles and if they are over worked and under cared for they can be damaged. Running cause s the muscles that are active to become strong and less flexible, whereas the opposing muscles that are relatively under used become weaker. When muscles are being used they expand and covenant often. If the muscles were not used in a while they usually get sore from the work out. Since muscles are the most important part of being athletic, square-toed care should go into maintaining them. Stretching before and after runs is a perfect way to care for your muscles. WHAT IS STRETCHING?The three main reason why stretching is so beneficial to a runners body is it reduces the risk of injury, prevents muscle soreness after exercise, and it improves athletic performance. What is actually happening to the body during a stretch is very complex. Each muscle contains stretch receptors which attach themselves to the working part of the muscle called, muscle fibers. The stretch receptors measure the degree of the stretch, sending a message by dint of the spinal cord to the nerves that contro l the contraction of the muscle where the receptors are. As the runner stretches more intensely the receptors begin to send out pulses harder and more rapidly. These pulses choke a certain frequency, and the stretched muscle contracts and shortens, preventing overstretching. STRETCHING INJURIESUnfortunately, stretching is not done willingly by runners. Even though it would only take an extra louvre to ten minutes on top of the one or two hour run, most runners choose to skip stretching.

Women Deserve the Same Rights as Men Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive

Women Deserve the Same Rights as Men From the beginning of time, females adopt vie a powerful role in the shaping of this world. They have stood by idly and watched as this country moved on without them, and yet they have demanded twin rights as the nation rolls along. Through the years the common belief has been that women could not perform as well as men in anything, but over the years that belief has been proven wrong time and time again. So as time marches on, women have clawed and fought their way up the streak to gain much needed equal respect from the opposite sex. However, after many years of pain and suffering, the battle for equal rights has not yet been won. Since women have fought for a long time and proven their importance in society, they deserve the aforementioned(prenominal) rights as men. Before women can prove they too deserve the same rights as men, they must first put to rest the myths and beliefs of their status in this country. This myth of t he female status in the United States, and in most another(prenominal) turn outs in the world, has always been the same. It is the belief that women should be in the kitchen, taking care of the kids, and the house, amongst other beliefs. However, in todays society, this is considered ludicrous. For instance, in her essay, Aint I a Woman? Sojourner Truth delivers a powerful message and addresses the issues of women in the society. She argues that women should have equal rights, because they can do the same things as men. For example she says, ?That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place anywhere. Nobody helps me into no carriages, or over no mud puddles, or gives me any best place? (348). She, then, con... ...t women do not deserve the same rights as men, is not really a man, but instead a sad pitiful little son who is a poor excuse of a life form. A real man would never disrespect a woman, because disr especting the rights of any woman is just as disrespecting the rights of one?s own mother. They have fought long and hard and now they should get the equal rights which they rightly deserve. Works CitedRich, Adrienne. ?What Does a Woman Need to whap The Presence of Others 3rd ed. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martin?s, 2002. 65-71Truth, Sojourner ?Ain?t I a Woman The Presence of Others 3rd ed. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martin?s, 2002. 348-349The United States declaration of Independence www.nara.gov/exhall/charters/declaration/decmain.html

Yaroslav the Wise :: History Ukraine Ukranian Essays

Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav, son of Vladimir, took over full control of Kyiv in the year 1036. This did not pass along until after the terminations of his father and many brothers. Upon Vladimirs death in 1015 his son Sviatopolk rushed in and took control over Kyiv, killing three of his own brothers in the process. Yaroslav could not let this stand. Joined by Mstislav, some other brother, and hired Scandinavian mercenaries, they ousted Sviatopolk and split the empire between themselves. Mstislav controlled Chernigov and Yaroslav went to Novgorod, as he preferred that to Kyiv. Mstislav died in 1036, and at that time Yaroslav became the undisputed ruler of all Kyivan Rus lands. At this time he moved his capital back to the traditional city of Kyiv. 2 Yaroslav did much for the betterment of the Ukrainian state during his reign. He settled the problem of having ungovernable neighbors to the south. He led a sound defensive stand against an attack of the ma rauding Pechenegs.3 These southern fellowship had been a pestering nuisance for a repress of years. After the defeat of these troublesome foes, there was nothing else to worry approximately in the south because the commonwealth that moved in next were much more than peaceful. He could now worry about the Polish problem in the east. The Poles were not happy about there western land h octogenarianings. They wanted to propagation the Ukrainian lands to the west of them. Yaroslav lead an expedition in the late 1920s and dominated the Polish army, despoiled their cities and took many prisoners.4 After this the Polish peoples revolted and threw out old hierarchy of government and getting rid of Christianity. He later married his sister to the new force of Poland and for the time being the trouble with Poland was over. During this time head it was a great honor to be married to the family of a foreign countries monarchy. It was also a wise governing decision as it made connections and ally out of countries that otherwise may have been foes.Yaroslav the Wise History Ukraine Ukranian EssaysYaroslav the Wise Yaroslav, son of Vladimir, took over full control of Kyiv in the year 1036. This did not occur until after the deaths of his father and many brothers. Upon Vladimirs death in 1015 his son Sviatopolk rushed in and took control over Kyiv, killing three of his own brothers in the process. Yaroslav could not let this stand. Joined by Mstislav, another brother, and hired Scandinavian mercenaries, they ousted Sviatopolk and split the empire between themselves. Mstislav controlled Chernigov and Yaroslav went to Novgorod, as he preferred that to Kyiv. Mstislav died in 1036, and at that time Yaroslav became the undisputed ruler of all Kyivan Rus lands. At this time he moved his capital back to the traditional city of Kyiv. 2 Yaroslav did much for the betterment of the Ukrainian state during his reign. H e settled the problem of having unruly neighbors to the south. He led a sound defensive stand against an attack of the marauding Pechenegs.3 These southern folk had been a pestering nuisance for a number of years. After the defeat of these troublesome foes, there was nothing else to worry about in the south because the people that moved in next were much more peaceful. He could now worry about the Polish problem in the east. The Poles were not happy about there western land holdings. They wanted to annex the Ukrainian lands to the west of them. Yaroslav lead an expedition in the late 1920s and dominated the Polish army, plundered their cities and took many prisoners.4 After this the Polish peoples revolted and threw out old hierarchy of government and getting rid of Christianity. He later married his sister to the new king of Poland and for the time being the trouble with Poland was over. During this time period it was a great honor to be married to t he family of a foreign countries monarchy. It was also a wise governing decision as it made connections and allies out of countries that otherwise may have been foes.

Yaroslav the Wise :: History Ukraine Ukranian Essays

Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav, son of Vladimir, took over full control of Kyiv in the division 1036. This did non occur until after the deaths of his father and many brothers. Upon Vladimirs death in 1015 his son Sviatopolk bucket along in and took control over Kyiv, killing triad of his own brothers in the process. Yaroslav could not let this stand. Joined by Mstislav, another brother, and hired Scandinavian mercenaries, they ousted Sviatopolk and cling the empire between themselves. Mstislav controlled Chernigov and Yaroslav went to Novgorod, as he favored that to Kyiv. Mstislav died in 1036, and at that time Yaroslav became the undisputed ruler of all Kyivan Rus lands. At this time he move his capital back to the traditional city of Kyiv. 2 Yaroslav did very much for the betterment of the Ukrainian state during his reign. He settled the problem of having unruly neighbors to the south. He led a sound defensive stand against an attack of the vultu rous Pechenegs.3 These southern folk had been a pestering nuisance for a number of years. After the defeat of these troublesome foes, there was nothing else to dread about in the south because the people that moved in next were much more peaceful. He could now worry about the Polish problem in the east. The Poles were not happy about there western land holdings. They wanted to annex the Ukrainian lands to the west of them. Yaroslav assume an expedition in the late 1920s and henpecked the Polish army, plundered their cities and took many prisoners.4 After this the Polish peoples revolted and threw out old hierarchy of government and acquiring rid of Christianity. He later married his sister to the new king of Poland and for the time being the trouble with Poland was over. During this time period it was a great award to be married to the family of a foreign countries monarchy. It was alike a wise governing decision as it made connections and allies out of countries that otherwise whitethorn have been foes.Yaroslav the Wise History Ukraine Ukranian EssaysYaroslav the Wise Yaroslav, son of Vladimir, took over full control of Kyiv in the year 1036. This did not occur until after the deaths of his father and many brothers. Upon Vladimirs death in 1015 his son Sviatopolk rushed in and took control over Kyiv, killing three of his own brothers in the process. Yaroslav could not let this stand. Joined by Mstislav, another brother, and hired Scandinavian mercenaries, they ousted Sviatopolk and split the empire between themselves. Mstislav controlled Chernigov and Yaroslav went to Novgorod, as he preferred that to Kyiv. Mstislav died in 1036, and at that time Yaroslav became the undisputed ruler of all Kyivan Rus lands. At this time he moved his capital back to the traditional city of Kyiv. 2 Yaroslav did much for the betterment of the Ukrainian state during his reign. He settled the problem of having un ruly neighbors to the south. He led a sound defensive stand against an attack of the marauding Pechenegs.3 These southern folk had been a pestering nuisance for a number of years. After the defeat of these troublesome foes, there was nothing else to worry about in the south because the people that moved in next were much more peaceful. He could now worry about the Polish problem in the east. The Poles were not happy about there western land holdings. They wanted to annex the Ukrainian lands to the west of them. Yaroslav lead an expedition in the late 1920s and dominated the Polish army, plundered their cities and took many prisoners.4 After this the Polish peoples revolted and threw out old hierarchy of government and getting rid of Christianity. He later married his sister to the new king of Poland and for the time being the trouble with Poland was over. During this time period it was a great honor to be married to the family of a foreign countries m onarchy. It was also a wise governing decision as it made connections and allies out of countries that otherwise may have been foes.

What Similarities and Differences Are There Between Historical and Scientific Explanations?

It is in our human nature to cond one(a) everything. Naturally, thither argon many ways of knowing. Application of these, often defined by certain methodology, are frequently classified into areas of know leadge. Therefore it is natural for one to carry out similarities and differences within the process of attaining knowledge in different areas of knowledge. When the method forming scientific and historical models for human understanding of the world are examined, many similarities back tooth be seen. These differences and similarities can also be seen when products of explanations are assessed.When scientific and historical explanations are compared one can see many similarities. Empirical consequence are used in both scientific and historical explanations. For example, scientists have found a viable model of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) replication through trial-and-error take the stand. In 1958, Matthew Meselsohn and Franklin Stahl devised and executed an experiment to stud y DNA replication1. They attached both isotopes of nitrogen to for each one strand of DNA to determine what proportions of the isotope were enter in DNA strands after multiple replication process.They spyd that after one replication of DNA, each newfound molecule of DNA possessed one strand with the heavy isotopes of nitrogen. This evidence showed that the replication of DNA is semiconservative the idea of copying via template2. The use of empirical evidence helped to explain the DNA replication process, even though one could not see the actual strands of DNA replicating. Looking at historical explanations one can see similar applications of empirical evidence. For example, historians such as John Lewis Gaddis came up with theories about the moth-eaten war.From observing policies of the United States and the Soviet Union, Gaddis have formulated theories about spheres of influences, and how these spheres of influences led to rising tension between the two super powers and eve ntually to the cold war. One may conclude that this explanation was formed by analyzing historical evidence such as foreign policies at the time, internal documents, and general events. The process of analyzing these sources produce empirical evidence. The use of empirical evidence is used to explain a point in time that one cannot experience the second time.Similarities also pull round in the limitation of scientific and historical explanations. If one were to use handicap empirical data then the final conclusion would be off-key. For example, it is known that all matter is equally effected by gravity. Yet if one were to observe objects falling in a normal environment it would be hard pressed to come to the conclusion that all objects fall at the analogous rate. It is heavy for 1 Damon, Alan, steamy McGonegal, Patricia Tosto, and William Ward. Higher Level Biology. Harlow Heinemann International, 2007. Print. 2 ibid one to conceive that a lead ball and a feather would fall at the very(prenominal) rate.Naturally one would filter the conclusion that a lead ball falls faster than a feather which is essentially false unless observed in a vacuum. Also if one were to apply laws of Newton, that are constructed by empirical data, to subatomic particles that are moving near speed of light one would reach false conclusions. This is because concepts such as gravity appear to be negligible when particles are moving at near speed of light. In history one must often rely on the use of evidence such as artifacts, eyewitness accounts, and formal documentation to gain knowledge.For example, empirical evidence such as the carved face of the Great Sphinx of Giza can provide how the creator of the statue looked like. If the creator decided to enhance the facial features of the sphinx a historian would lead to the false conclusion about the appearance of the creator. Some key differences can be seen in historical and scientific explanations. diachronic explanations are g enerally open for interpretation. Historical evidence may be chosen and aggregated in certain ways to digest ones argument. As a student of history I evermore shape facts in accordance to my thesis. The thesis comes from my own beliefs.For example, such thesis is claiming that differing ideologies played a major role in the development of the Cold War. close scholars like J. L. Gaddis and Sewell agree that ideology played only a minor role in the development of the Cold War in the late 1940s. However, I can claim that ideology played a very important role in the development of the Cold War and present my evidence to support the argument. Unlike most science my explanation of ideologies in the Cold War does no need to be accepted by the community. In history two or more different explanations may exist and both would be valid.In science, most explanations are not regarded as valid unless the majority of the scientific community accept the explanation. One salient example of this i s the discovery and explanation of cold fusion. In March of 1989 Martin Fleischmann, one of the worlds leading electro-chemists, and Stanley Pons announced cold fusion3. Nuclear energy, like that which power the sun produced at room temperature, giving off more energy than what was originally put in. This promised to produce energy that is reave and efficient ending energy problems such as global warming4.Immediately after the announcement prestigious labs such as Massachusetts Institute of engineering science (MIT) and California Institute of Technology (CALTECH) rushed to reproduce the experiments of Fleischmann and Pons. 5 However, MIT and CALTECH did not produced the same results and could not come to accept explanation. In science, generally, if one cannot reproduce the same result from experiments the explanation is regarded as invalid. Therefor in science only one 3 Cetta, Denise S. Cold Fusion Is Hot Again 60 proceedings CBS News. Breaking News Headlines Business, Ente rtainment & World News CBS News. 9 Apr. 2009. Web. 27 Jan. 2010. 4 ibid 5 ibid explanation can exist. However, one can claim that similarities exist in scientific and historical explanations because some scientific explanations are rejected by the community even though they are true. In this case there would be two scientific explanations but one would be invalid. In the case of Cold Fusion it was later discovered that even though nuclear fusion was taking place, results were always varied. The scientific community originally rejected the explanation and discovery because they were unable to reproduce the results of Fleischmann and Pons.Both scientific and historical explanations are generally supplied by empirical evidence. In science one draws explanations from empirical evidence according to predefined rules. For example, a negative charge is repelled from the center of what is named an atom, therefrom something must exist in the center of the atom and it must have a positive c harge. This explanation is drawn from the rule positive and negative stoop. In history, however, there are no such apparent rules. A key difference that is evident in scientific and historical explanations are the close to which one can draw empirical evidence.In science one must follow precise rules weather to accept or reject empirical evidence to support explanations. In history, however, there are no such rules one must follow other than considering the validity of evidence. Some people, such as Henry Gee, an editor of the prestigious science journal Nature, claim that historical explanations do not have similarities with scientific explanations. they historical explanations can never be tried by experiments, and so they are unscientific. . . . No science can ever be historical6. This suggests that unless the explanation is adequately tested it is not science.One can see that this is true to a certain extent. As said before, science follow certain rules in which the extent t o which one can extrapolate evidence is limited. This generally leads to explanations that are much more integrated and logical. However when considering scientific explanations that cannot be tested in a laboratory that are generally regarded as valid in the scientific community, one can see that they bare similarities to historical explanations. An example of this is the asteroid-impact hypothesis, which explain the fossil records of the dinosaurs in terms of an impact of oversize asteroid.This cannot obviously be tested in a laboratory, but provide a viable explanation. It is evident that historical and scientific explanations have many similarities and differences. occasion of empirical evidence is present in both historical and scientific explanations. They both have the same limitations when using empirical evidence. Similarities and differences are also present in the community aspect. By seeing what similarities and differences exist in science and history it is evident ho w limitations and advantages of ways of knowing play a role in their respected explanations. Cleland, Carol E. Methodological and Epistemic Differences between Historical Science and Experimental Science. Print. Works Cited Cetta, Denise S. Cold Fusion Is Hot Again 60 legal proceeding CBS News. Breaking News Headlines Business, Entertainment & World News CBS News. 19 Apr. 2009. Web. 27 Jan. 2010. . Cleland, Carol E. Methodological and Epistemic Differences between Historical Science and Experimental Science. Print. Damon, Alan, Randy McGonegal, Patricia Tosto, and William Ward. Higher Level Biology. Harlow Heinemann International, 2007. Print.

China one child policy

China One Child Policy State philosophy of the 1950s was that a large population gave a strong nation, so high birth rate was encouraged, as well as this during that time death rate fell due to better supply of food and medicine. In 1959, all attention was paid to improving industry leaving no attention on farming and as a result killing 20 million in a famine. After the famine, during the 1960s population was seen to be a problem with 55 million born every year. The result of this was the form _or_ system of government later, longer, fewer encouraging people to decrease birth rate by later marriages, longer gap between hildren and fewer children.This did bring natural increase bulge from 2. 1% to 1. 2% however this was not enough. This led to the Introduction of the One Child Policy Limiting the children families could cast off. Putting pressure to use contraception. Family planning workers in every workplace. Granny police making sure contraception was used, reported on pregnanc ies and If necessary levyd abortions and sterilisation. In urban areas it was easier to enforce with rewards of good readying of education and health care however in rural areas people did not keep to the policy as strictly.It was necessary to have the permission of council for a child, but in remote areas it was far harder to check up and therefore more unreported births. Especially In rural areas, where much of the economy is subsistence farming, muff boys were more desirable resulting in female infanticide and baby girls disappearing. The male dominance gave the only child little emperor syndrome being the only child acquiring the attention. In rural areas because of the poor provision of education and much of the Income coming from farming, the government had to offer opportunltles to generate Income should they dhere to the restrictions.However the penalties for not respecting the policy included Cash fair or taking away livestock. No benefits that you great deal gain from having one child to those with two or more. However In some cases councils encouraged peasants to have more children as It would get them more money and in any case many people are prepared to pay the fine for some other child. Benefits of keeping to policy Better lifestyles are promised for the families. Later marriages In life. Better retirement pensions. The mother is granted a longer maternity leave than in other countries.Salary rise for the parents Free education for their children. The child gets priority for a job in the future. Since 1990 there have been relaxations to the policy because it was so difficult to enforce and the government worrying about the impacts of an ageing population on economy. If husband and wife are from one child families they can have two children. Couples can have another child If first one is disabled or dies. In the western regions, ethnic minorities able to have as many children as they like. 1 OF2 However even In 2 aoortlons were ora erea In one city alone. successes 00 million births prevented.

`Examine the role in the witches in “Macbeth” Essay

In Shakespearean England witches were said to be in league with the devil. Shakespearian audience believed that witches were always up to no good and people thought they were tremendous and devious. Old, Single or widowed women (who much kept pets for a companion) were often blamed as being witches and their pets were kept as servants. In those times people blamed any unexplained happenings such as bad w feed inher, at rest(p) off food, deadly diseases, deaths of livestock and even murders.Despite this people were still fascinated by witchcraft they went to see horrifying plays just like we in modern days go to the cinema to watch horror films. Shakespeare wrote a play about witches to please King James 1, he was on the backside at the time when the play was written. King James wrote a book about witchcraft called Demonology because he was fascinated about witchcraft. Shakespeare knew he would win the king over by making a play like this. The witches were only in 3 dioramas i n Macbeth but they influence the aura across the self-coloured play.In the opening scene the audience would be thrilled because the witches scored a theatrical atmosphere. The atmosphere was very negative because there was terrible weather yowl and lightning this would make the scene very frightening because of the loud noises of the lightning. The witches speak in riddles this unnerves the audience by their chants and riddles for good examplefair is foul and foul is fair levitate through the fog and filthy air. The audience would find Macbeth is daunting because of the eerie atmospheres of the scenes and the spooky witches.At the beginning of act 1 scene 3 the three witches are talking about the things they have done to other people. Shakespeare does this because he shows what the witches are capable of. I leave drain him dry as hay the first witch said this because she wanted to show what she could do.The three witches meet Macbeth and Banquo upon the heath. Meanwhile the w itches prognosticate that Macbeth and Banquo sons will be kings in the future. They govern two facts that Macbeth is going to be thane of Cawdor and thane of Glamis. The witches do non discover Banquo or Macbeth what to do. Macbeth thought that its because the witches predict he is going to be thane of Cawdor. Do you not hope that your children shall be kings, when these that gave the thane of Cawdor to me promised no less to them? This shows that Macbeth trusts the witches by everything they predicted and he thinks that the witches gave him the role of being the king.Macbeth doesnt believe he is the thane of Cawdor at first but last he learns he is. Banquo was really frightened about what the witches claimed but Macbeth was really excited. two truths are told as happy prologues to the swelling act of the imperial approximation this shows Macbeth like what the witches tell him particularly that he is going to be king however, he has mixed feelings. Why do I yield to that sugge stion whose repulsive image doth unfix my hair and make my seated heart knock at my ribs (against the youth of nature)? this shows Macbeths reaction changes.In act 2 scene 3 Shakespeare makes the atmosphere dark and terrifying. Theres husbandry in heaven their candles are all out the dark represents evil and negativity which could be seen as a warning of trouble to line up (foreshadowing). Macbeths original fear is demonstrated in his hallucinations after his immoral act of murdering. Macbeth shows signs of possessions me thought I heard a voice say sleep no more He says I thought I heard voices. Macbeth shows he feels guilty by saying amen stuck in my throat he says this to show how he felt and whether he was regretting of the crime he just commit.The witches powers were demonstrated by strange happenings for example tis said they eat each other this was said because horses started eating each other which was very unusual and peculiar. This information was in the play to horrify the audience.Act 4 scene 1 begins with the witches chanting this reminds me of a spell. The witches always use trochaic tetrameter the effect of that makes it sound like a chant. The ingredients have unpleasant things in common for example animal parts and poisons. The most horrible point in the spell was finger of a birthstrangled babe, ditch deliverd by a slab this authority a baby born in a ditch from a prostitute strangled at birth. The Shakespearian audience would be horrified at the contents of the charm.In act 4 scene 1 Shakespeare included the spell in the scene to portray real witches and to show they made wicked spells considered associated with evil. The rhythm used is called trochaic tetrameter the effect of it makes it sound like a chant trochaic tetrameter is always 4 beats per line. The witches added body parts of a Christian, Shakespeare knew it would affect the scene because people in those times didnt trust non Christians and thought they were up to no good.Macbet h believes when he goes back to see the witches that they will tell him what to do. The witches make three prophecies, the first one warnsbeware Macduff beware the thane of fife Macbeth thought to himself when this was shown I dont believe Macduff anyway. The second one warns a bloody(a) chid for none of women born shall harm Macbeth Macbeth felt he was invincible and decides to get Macduff and his family killed anyway. The third prophecy warns Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until Great Birnam woodwind to high Dunsinare hill shall come against him this was meant by Macbeth will never be defeated until great Birnam wood comes and lives in his castle. Macbeth felt very pleased and assertive. The witches collect that Macbeth is now evil through the words they use just before he comes in By the pricking of my thumbs something wicked this way comesMacbeth asks the witches if Banquos sons will be kings. The witches replyseek to know no more they try to tell the truth and are warning him he doesnt want to know. Macbeth realises he is evil and under the witches spell we know this because he says infectd be to air where on they rides and damnd all those that trust them.Macduff was from his mothers womb untimely ripped At that point Macbeth realises the witches were deceiving him all along.One of the main reasons that Shakespeare included the witches in the play was because they influence the theme of deception across the whole play. The witches antecede the theme of deception in the opening scene act 1 scene 1 where they say fair is foul and foul is fair this affects not only Macbeth but all the characters this is shown when lady Macbeth says look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under it.Later on Macbeth realises he has to be deceitful in order to succeed he says false face must hide what the false heart doth know. The witches talk in riddles when they say Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until Great Birnam to high dunsinare hill shall come against h im Macbeth misunderstands this he thought this was impossible that the forest will come to his castle but the soldiers cut down the trees and bring the forest to the castle Macbeth is dumbfounded.Shakespeare creates typical witches to scare the audience the type of witches that fly, induce nightmares and stop people from sleeping. The witches predict the future but Macbeth thinks they are telling him what to do he then shows demonic possessions I had almost forgot the taste of fear Macbeth showed lack of fear. Shakespearian audience would go to see Macbeth to get a thrill for entertainment just like we nowadays go to the cinema to watch a horror film. The witches create an atmosphere of evil throughout the whole play.

Designer Babies Essay

My interest in designer babies was first sparked by a book I was required to realize in high school, Brave New cosmos. For my class I was required to do a little re inquisition on this book, and as I was trenchant the Internet I came across a website on designer babies. Although Brave New World is not a book about designer babies, the mend of human genes exposit in the book is a concept very similar to designer babies. The possibility of a society made up of genetically misrepresented humans, such as the one in this book, is becoming very real with the help of advancements in technology. In vision one day you and your strong other atomic number 18 going to the doctor beca practice you are planning to keep up a baby, but you are not going to the doctor for a note up. You are going to pick out the wind up, characteristic traits, and physical features (eye color, hair color skin color, etc.) of your baby. Crazy right? To think, one day we will turn in the technology and pick s to do this. Although this topic of designing your baby is moderately new and the science has not been perfected, it is a very big possibility in our close-fitting future. The issue with this technology is whether it should be allowed or not. Parents always pauperism the very best for their children, but my morals principal me to believe that parents should not be allowed to alter their children in this way. In this exploratory essay I hope to find solid and specific discipline to help me decide my stance on this misgiving Should parents be allowed to design what their children look like?In English 2000 we were introduced to online search engines that could be used to find information on our topics. The search engine I found the most handy was the EBCO Host website. This site lead me to some resourceful articles that truly helped me better understand the topic of designer babies. The first resource I came across is titled causation Babies Eugenics Repackaged or Consumer Opt ions? By Stephen L. Baird, technology education teacher at Bayside Middle School, Virginia Beach, Virginia. Baird describes how journalists are the ones who select coined the term Designer Babies. He goes onto to explain that this term is simply a shortened phrase that represents accepted reproductive technologies that allow expecting parents to have more control on the throw outcomes of their child (15).Read AlsoExploratory Essay TopicsIn vitrofertilization (IVF) and prenidation genetic diagnosis (PGD) are two procedures of genetic engineering that are described through specific cases throughout this register. Almost three decades ago, on July 25, 1978, Louise Brown, the first test-tube baby was born. The worlds first test-tube baby arrived amid a storm of hold out and hand-wringing about science gone amok, human animal hybrids, and the rebirth of eugenics (Baird 12). This test-tube case is the first case explained by Baird. The purpose for this example case is to describe how employ the in vitro fertilization reproductive technique is not necessarily a bad thing. Although many voices of the earthly concern spoke against Brown, the test-tube baby, she was born as a wholly normal human child.This is just one of the multiple cases that show the views and opinions of the public. Baird captures the various arguments against designer babies and arguments for designer babies. Some people share the opinion that there is zero wrong with designer babies because they assist in preventing particular genetic diseases and reduce the emotional and financial burden for parents of children with these altered genetic diseases (Baird 15). On the other hand, certain people feel strongly against designer babies because creating perfect children could evolve into changes in the physical appearance of the children before they are even born (Baird 15).Bairds document on designer babies was very informative in a way that helped me better understand the different sides of th e argument on designer babies. I besides felt as if this source gave me a better understanding on the basics of this topic such as the medical terms and procedures. Bairds perish could be very enlightening for individuals who do not have a complete understanding of what it means to be a designer baby. For example, before indication this I simply assumed designer babies were meant for physical alterations, and did not consider it to be beneficial to health alterations such as preventing genetic diseases. This paper did not hinder me to be for or against designer babies because I received equal information on both sides of the issue.My second source, Designing Babies What the Future Holds, came from the same search engine as the previous article. This article was written by Dr.Yury Verlinsky, graduate, postgraduate and PhD of Kharkov University. Verlinsky goes into detail about the different meanings the public has of designer babies. His definitions of designer babies include the sex of a child being chosen, testing embryos for unwanted disorders and diseases, or for cosmetic reasons (24). Verlinsky goes through the multiple views on the advantages and disadvantages of allowing parents to use the technology to create designer babies. star particular advantage of designer babies, pointed out by Verlinsky, that caught my attention was, insurance companies, for example, may refuse to cover newborn malformations that could have been corrected before implantation (25). This goes to show how people may be economically pressured into the technologies of designer babies. I found that this particular article had a lot of the same factual information as the previous article. Certain ideas from the two articles stuck out in similar ways. Even some of the same phrases were repeated in both articles that I have come across. Although there were similarities, this article also brought some new ideas to my attention. The first article contained many real life cases while t his article used many hypothetical possibilities. Some of the hypothetical possibilities were a little out of the box, but they really got me to think about the circumstances that the designer baby technology could lead to.Finally my third source, also coming from the same search engine, is A Brave New World of Designer Babies By Sonia Suter. This particular article goes in depth about the similarities and inequalitys of the eugenics and neoeugenics movements. As stated by Suter, the eugenics movement can be explained as the mission to reduce disease in the population, the efforts to protect the public fisc, and the goal of reducing suffering. What makes eugenics such a complex term is that its practitioners were well intentioned and it meant different things to different people (900). Suter also explains the meaning of neoeugenics, Neoeugenics strives towards good birth at the individual, rather than state level (900). When Suter says at the individual level, he is referring to th e fact that designing babies is an individual procedure that is a voluntary choice of the parent. In Suters mission to analyze the meaning of neoeugenics he brings us as far back to the times of eugenics brought about by Hitler.Hitler was responsible for amass genocide of individuals that did not fit his mold of the perfect human. In a way this is similar to the purpose of using gene alterations to make your designer baby. Suter describes how the main difference between eugenics and neoeugenics is the severity of the two (948). Suter states neoeugenics appears less threatening than eugenics (948). In the world we live in today we always want what is best for our offspring and ourselves. Suter explains, that those who resist with designer babies could very possibly fall under the pressures of taking part in these sciences because they do not want their own children to be disadvantaged to the ones that chose to use these technological advances (965).I found that my final article gav e me the most information about the perspectives people have on designer babies. Since the study of designer babies is fairly new, I like how this document uses something from the past to help me relate it to something. This article really went in depth about the positives and negatives of designer babies. Some people are certain that using designer baby technology can help prevent diseases, while others are absolutely opposed to it. These articles have tremendously modify my understanding of designer babies. I was not aware of how truly in depth this term goes. As of now, I would not say I have a solid stance on the question I proposed at the beginning of my essay should parents be allowed to design their babies? There are just so many different things that this term means and many different sides of the argument. I do not believe that this is a straightforward yes or no question. This is a complex issue that I need to do more research on. At this point, I do not think there is a chore with parents wanting to protect their children and prevent diseases their child is susceptible to in the future, but to physically and characteristically alter a child based on how you want your child to look and act is something I still feel is not something humans should be able to control.Works CitedBaird, Stephen L. Designer Babies Eugenics Repackaged Or Consumer Options? (Cover Story). Technology teacher 66.7 (2007) 12-16. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Feb. 2014.Damiano, Laura. When Parents Can Choose To Have The Perfect Child Why Fertility Clinics Should Be Required To Report Preimplantation Genetic diagnosing Data. Family Court Review 49.4 (2011) 846-859. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 Feb. 2014.Schenker, Joseph G. Ethical Dilemmas In Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Berlin De Gruyter, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 6 Feb. 2014. Suter, Sonia M. A Brave New World Of Designer Babies?. Berkeley Technology Law Journal 22.2 (2007) 897-969. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Feb. 2014Verlinsky, Yury. Designing Babies What The Future Holds. Reproductive Biomedicine Online (Reproductive Healthcare Limited) 10.(2005) 24-26. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 Feb. 2014.

Effect Of Violence On Children’s Television Programs

The last decade has generated enormous momentum regarding the effect of vehemence in media targeted at individuals in the young jump on bracket. But even as awareness increases the problem seems to increase in magnitude. Experts argue that un slight the demand does not overcome the supply will not match down and this might just be true. In reality the stem of the problem is still lack of awareness. An in shapeediate educated Ameri heap family might know not to expose their children to violence on television but may not really gauge the detail that the program their toddler observees on screen has its share of violence in a well fed and nourished capsule. This is largely the problem.Of course, other(a)(a) social factors can increase the likelihood of violence by y step uph lack of interaction with parents, brutality in home life, exposure to violence in neighborhoods, and easy overture to guns. Here we are talking about an entire generation of our children who shall be victim s to antagonism and violence and who shall with increased likelihood grow up to be less productive individuals. Let us not forget that we are talking about the future of any given domain when we speak of its children. Take a look.Significance of the problem at handSo just why is it so important that we try to understand something that happens in childhood? And that too something as trivial as a few stunts in your childs daily program, some might ask. Dont most children grow out of such things when they grow up and begin to exhibit normal acceptable adult behavior? The truth is that during early childhood, the foundation is laid for future social, emotional, cognitive, and somatic development.During this formative period, young children are particularly vulnerable to negative influences. In most instances, children have no control over the environmental messages they receive. Up until age seven or eight, children have great difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality, and their ability to comprehend nuances of behavior, motivation, or moral complexity is limited. This special vulnerability of children necessitates increased wariness to protect them from potentially negative influences.EFFECTS OF VIEWING VIOLENCE.The nations first major study on the effects of TV violence was a 1972 U.S. surgeon generals depict that confirmed that televised violence, indeed, does have an adverse effect on certain members of our society.MAJOR and Direct-Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others ( desensitization to violence)-Children become fearful of the world around them-Children may be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward othersMedia violence can be especially damaging to children under age 8 and their families because they cannot readily tell the difference between real life and fantasy and stresses the caregivers.-Direct anti social behavior as a result of simulating the acts seen on television.-Immediate phobias due to what is seen on screen which makes them fearful of the world around them. In their play, children imitate those characters strengthened for their aggressive behavior and rehearse the characters scripts without creative or reflective thought. And it has to be well understood that creativity and reflective thought are part of the criteria for sagaciousness of children in school as part of their national curriculum and these provide them chances to score higher. Thus there are chances that the childs school results drop.MINOR and Indirect-Children who watch a lot of TV are less aroused by cerise scenes than are those who only watch a little in other words, theyre less bothered by violence in general, and less likely to do anything wrong with it. One example in several studies, those who watched a violent program instead of a nonviolent one were slower to intervene or to call for help when, a little later, they saw younger children armed combat or playing destructively.-More lik ely to think that the world is a mean and dangerous place( feelings of phobia and discontent which are generally unusual at an early age) Children who watch the violent shows, even just funny cartoons, were more likely to hit out at their playmates, argue, disobey class rules, leave tasks unfinished, and were less willing to inhabit for things than those who watched the nonviolent programs, says Aletha Huston, Ph.D., now at the University of Kansas.- research also indicates that TV consistently reinforces gender-role and racial stereotypes.-Children will view violence as an acceptable way to settle involvements Research has shown that children who consistently spend more than 4 hours per day watching TV are more likely to be overweight.-Young individuals become comfortable with physical aggression and even arousing them to violent action, it can make others increasingly fearful of being victims.-Lack of interaction with family members or peers who in turn would provide mediating i nfluences in the childs development. Direct antisocial behavior in children which indirectly causes violent and criminal behavior when older. Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others ample term Exposure to media violence leads children to see violence as a normal response to stress and as an acceptable means for resolving conflict in the years to come and this behavior it is reported can continue into adulthood. In these situations. childrens creative and imaginative play is undermined, thus robbing children of the benefits of play for their long term development.ConclusionThe prevalence of violence in American society is a complex social problem that will not be easily solved. military unit in the media is only one manifestation of the larger societys fascination with violence. However, media violence is not just a reflection of violent society, it is also a contributor. If our nation wishes to produce future generations of productive adults who reje ct violence as a means of problem solving, we must reassert the vital role of government in protecting its most vulnerable citizens and, together, work to make media part of the solution. .

Hercules Essay

Adrianna Barnhart Mrs. Browning Blk. 6 English 10 9-19-12 The Story of Hercules picpicpic Hercules, aka Herakles, was a buff god. He was the god of power. His father genus Zeus was the god of the skies, his mother a mortal, making Hercules a demigod. Alcmene, Hercules mother, wasnt the married woman of Zeus, Hera the goddess of earth was, and she was livid. In fact, Hera was so livid she threatened the baffles animateness by sending in to Hercules crib two serpents. According to the legend, the serpents were sent in to strangle the baby, but Hercules just sat up wrapped his baby hands around their necks strangling them.His failure to die in this scenario would affect him for years to come. (Carr, Karen PhD) Hera was determined to make Hercules life hell for being born and putting to death her prized snakes, so when Hercules married and had two kids, she sought it a good time to make Hercules, literally, crazy. She summ aned madness on him, causing him to lose his mind and kill his wife and children. When he came cover version to his normal state, he was agitate to see his love along with his children lifeless in their home. He sent for Apollo to help him rid his woes.Apollo told him in order to liberate him from his sins, Hercules had to report to King Eurystheus and partake in 10 labors. Hercules, wanting be released from his depravities, walks to King Eurystheus palace, ready to perform his first task. (Carr, Karen PhD) His first missionary station was to kill The Nemean Lion, and bring King Eurystheus the hide. The Nemean Lion lived in Nemea, where he terrorized the hills and villages with the area. He hiked for a long time until he eventually stopped in a town known as Cleonae, where he stayed with a man named Molorchus.Under the company of Hercules, Molorchus proposed the suggestion of sacrificing an animal for a good hunt. Intrigued by the idea, Hercules recommend that they wait 30 eld for Hercules to come back, where they would give oneself up the animal to Zeus however, if Hercules didnt return, Molorchus would sacrifice the animal to him, the man who died a hero. With the plan intact, Hercules left for Nemea. Hercules arrived in Nemea and located the lion. He before long strand his arrows were purposeless against the lion so he would need to find a better strategy.He followed the lion to a cave with two inlets he obturate one with sticks and stones and went inside through the other. Without any hesitation, he threw his arms around the lion and strangled him. He and then(prenominal) resulted back to Cleonae and caught up to Molorchus on the thirtieth day, where they sacrificed to Zeus together. (The Nemean Lion) After the sacrifice, Hercules went back to Mycenae to deliver the lion to King Eurystheus. The king impressed and frightened Hercules completed the labor, built himself a little room do of bronze on a lower floor his palace, so Hercules couldnt reach him.He then banished Hercules from the city and started g iving him tasks through a herald. (The Nemean Lion) His second duty was a bit more than challenging. Hercules was required to slay the Lernean Hydra. The hydra lived in the swamps of Lernea, where it enjoyed bullying the townspeople. A hydra is a poisonous serpent with eight mortal heads and one immortal head and when one head is chopped off two grow back in its place. Knowing the assignment was nearly impossible, he acquired help from his trusty nephew Iolaus. When they reached the monster, Hercules went cracking up and bashed it in the head with his club.He discovered the hydra wouldnt die from chopping its heads off, so he told Iolaus to torch the neck of the hydra after Hercules cut it off. They proceed this strategy until the last head came off. When it came down to the immortal head, Hercules buried it in the ground then laid a boulder on top of the dirt. They then traveled back to Mycenae to tell the king, however, Eurystheus wouldnt accept this labor because Hercules had help. (The Lernean Hydra) Disappointed, Hercules waited for his new orders. King Eurystheus wanted the Hind of Ceryneia.A hind is a female, red deer and this one had gold horns and bronze hooves. This hind was Dianas prized posse comitatusssion, so killing the deer was not an option. Hercules hunted the deer for a year before finally receiving the hazard to trap her. The deer stopped for a drink of water, and at the opportune moment, Hercules shot her. As he was taking the hind to Mycenae, he ran in to Apollo and Diana. Diana was up adjust that Hercules had shot her deer, but before she confiscated it, Hercules told her the truth, so she instead healed the deers wounds and sent Hercules on his way to King Eurystheus. The Hind of Ceryneia Dianas caress Deer) With the completion of the 3rd task, it was time for Hercules to complete his 4th. Hercules had to deliver King Eurystheus the Erymanthian Boar alive. The boar lived on a mountain Erymanthus that attacked men and animals all ov er the countryside destroying everything in its path. Just to clarify, the boar attacked the men and stuff, not the mountain. Anyway, Hercules, after witnessing his friend Chiron die, found the boar and chased it all around the mountain. He chased the boar until it ran into the underwood where the boar became trapped in the snow.Hercules stabbed the boar with his spear then carried it on his shoulders to Mycenae. The king scared once more, hid himself in his little bronze room under his palace. (The Erymanthian Boar) As Hercules accomplished things that no normal man could, King Eurystheus started hiding much more often. Wanting to not be scared for once, he assign Hercules the responsibility of cleaning the Stables of Augeas. King Augeas had the most cattle in the country and the thought of someone cleaning the stables in one day was assumed to be impossible, that is until Hercules came along.Hercules, without talking to Eurystheus, made his way to King Augeas and told him he woul d clean his stables in one day if Augeas would pay him 1/10 of his cattle. King Augeas agreed, and Hercules got to work. He started by tearing a big hole in the in the cattle yard then ripping another in the opposite wall. Next, he remove two trenches that connected to two different rivers that flowed by. The water rushed in the hole of the cattle yard and out the other carrying out the stinky mess. He then plugged the holes and went to get his payment.However, King Augeas refused to give Hercules the reward and told him to take it to court. Hercules did and had Augeas son testify that he promised the reward, the court ruled Augeas to pay him. Flustered, King Augeas remunerative Hercules then banished Hercules and his son from the city. Hercules went back to Mycenae to tell King Eurystheus the good news, but was instead disappointed to find the king not validating the task because he was paid. (The Augean Stables Hercules Cleans Up) For the 6th labor, Hercules was told to shoo awa y the Stymphalian Birds that gathered at the lake of Stymphalos.It is undefined whether or not these birds were man-eating. Hercules not quite sure how to get rid of the birds is rescue by Athena, the goddess of wisdom and war strategy, gave him a pair of bronze Krotala, which are noise making clappers. Hercules gladly accepted the gift and went on with his journeying. Once he was near the lake of Stymphalos, he began climbing the adjacent mountain. At the top of the mountain, he clapped the Krotala then shot at the birds as they took off. He then returned to Mycenae for his next set of instructions. (The Stymphalian Birds) His 7th set of orders, bring the Cretan Bull.The Cretan bull was sent as a sacrifice from Poseidon to Minos, the king of Crete. In order to keep his throne, he promised Poseidon he would sacrifice any animal he sent him. Poseidon sent this bull however Minos thought it was too beautiful to kill, so he sacrificed a different one. Outraged, Poseidon unredeemed M inos wife to fall in love with the bull, and when she birthed a Minotaur, Minos concealed him in the Labyrinth. Hercules easily located the bull, wrestled it, and then brought it back to King Eurystheus. The king let it go where it wandered around and terrorized Greece for most of its life. The Cretan Bull) His 8th task came and Hercules once more had it completed. He was told to steal the man-eating horses of Diomedes. Determined to become one step closer to freedom, Hercules sailed with a posse of volunteers across the Augean sea to Bistonia. He and his companions took on those guarding the horses, easily defeating them they attempted to steal the horses. At the sight of the thieves, a gang of Bistonian soldiers flanked the group, but their efforts were proven pointless when Hercules and the rest of the group fled for Mycenae along with the horses.Once Hercules delivered the horses, King Eurystheus let the mares free where they were eaten by wild beasts. (The Man-Eating Horses of Diomedes) For his 9th, Hercules was sent to retrieve the belt of Hippolyte, the queen of the Amazons. The Amazons were a tribe of women soldiers named after the Hellenic word meaning missing one breast. They received this name when a soldiers right breast got in the way of her spear. big businessman Hippolytes belt was a leather one, worn for carrying her spear and sword, given to her by Ares. Eurystheus wanted the belt as a birthday present for his daughter.Hercules and friends sailed for the lend of the Amazons, when they arrived, Hippolyte arrived to greet them. She and Hercules began talking and when he told her why he needed her belt she agreed to give it to him. However, Hera was on the island too. She told all the Amazons Hercules was here to kidnap the queen. When Hercules saw he was under attack, he drew his sword and killed the queen, then took her belt, killed the enemy, and set sail for Mycenae. (Hippolytes Belt Hercules Fights the Amazons) His final labor, his 10th, one of the most challenging labors Hercules was to perform, was the retrieval of the kine of Geryon.His final task was for Hercules to travel across the world to Erythia, an island near the boundary of Europe and Libya. Geryon was a monster who had three sets of legs (6 in total) and three heads. He unploughed a herd of cattle guarded by Orthus, a 2 headed hound, and the herdsman Eurytion. Once Hercules reached his destination, he built two mountains to symbolize the journey he took (these mountains would later be known as the Pillars of Hercules. ) He killed Orthus and then Geryon and left with the cattle. Two sons of Poseidon attempted to steal the cattle, so Hercules killed them.Later on the journey, one of the bulls escaped to Sicily, then made its way to the neighboring country Italy, which was named after the Greek word Italus meaning bull. Hercules left the herd to Hephaestus while he chased after the cow. Hercules found it in Eryxs herd, so he wrestled him for it and won , then returned it to the herd. Hera didnt want Hercules to accomplish the labor, so she sent a gadfly to attack the cattle. The herd unordered everywhere, and Hercules once more had to retrieve them, when he gathered them all up, he went straight to the king.Once they were delivered to the king, Eurystheus sacrificed them to Hera, an interesting coincidence. (The Cattle of Geryon) Hercules now having completed his ten labors was caught by admiration when King Eurystheus told him he had two more labors because he didnt count the Hydra or his cleaning of the stables. Eurystheus was hungry I guess, but nothing would settle with him except for the golden apples of Hespirides. The garden was guarded by a 100 headed dragon, Ladon, and by nymphs who were daughters of atlas, the titan who held the sky and earth on his soldiers.Hercules had a long journey fighting through Poseidons sons and killing the eagle that attacked Prometheus, that once he caught a break, he realized he wasnt eve n sure of where to go. He saw atlas vertebra on the side of the road just holding up the world. Hercules asked Atlas if he would go to the garden and get him some apples. Atlas agreed, so he gave the world to Hercules. Once he was back, Atlas asked if he could take the apples to Eurystheus. Hercules agreed, but asked to put on padding. Once the world was on Atlas so Hercules could put on his padding, Hercules grabbed he apples and ran off towards Mycenae.Athena came and confiscated and brought the apples back to the garden because they belonged to the gods. (The Apples of Hesperides) His final labor was to go to the underworld and steal the beast, Cerberus. The underworld was ruled by Hades and his wife Persephone and only the dead were allowed in. Hercules eventually found Hades, who promised to give Hercules the beast as long as he could defeat the beast weaponless. Hercules went to the entrance of the underworld and saw Cerberus. Without any hesitation, he threw his arms around the beast. Cerberus fell under the force of Hercules and left with him to king Eurystheus.Eventually, Cerberus was given back to Hades without a scratch on him, except his dignity. (Cerberus) After completing all of the labors, Hercules remarried to a woman, Deianira. She was kidnapped by a centaur, Nessus. Hercules got her back of course and killed Nessus, but in the process of his dying, he told Deianira that if she smeared his blood on Hercules, he would love her forever. For Hercules birthday, Deianira gave him a cloak covered in the centaurs blood, but when he put it on, it ended up burning his skin. To get rid of the pain, he killed himself then traveled to Mt.Olympus to become a god. He widowed a woman and left quartet sons, Hyllus, Clesippus, Glenus, and Hodites alone. (Carr, Karen PhD) Hercules is a difficult god to classify. Being a demigod, he doesnt really have a rank and not many powers except strength. He had the weakness of being immoral and greedy, but there was lit erally nothing he couldnt do physically. Some of the allusions associated with Hercules is the Hercules Piorot a detective that always finds the receiver and wrestlers want to be named after him because he was strong. Other examples include wrestlers.Hercules is a very common name in the wrestling business because it would make the individual appear stronger. The C-130 plane is a plane made of steel, which is sometimes referred to as Hercules because steel is strong and not easily broken. Works Cited 1. Carr, Karen. Hercules for Kids-Herakles in Ancient Greek Mythology-Ancient Greece for Kidiepie-History for Kids. 2012. http//www. historyforkids. org/learn/greeks/religion/myths/herakle. html 2. Hercules (also called Hercakles). 62695. Web. http//ballpoint. org/greekgods/hercules. html 3. The Nemean Lion. Perseus Project. Web. http//www. perseus. tufts. edu/herakles. /lion. html

Leadership Crisis †Role of Tomorrow Leaders Essay

With the humans becoming a global village, todays leaders need to Think Global & Act Local. Its essential that leadership understand the nuances of managing businesses across globe that depict contends in terms Culture, Laws, History/Background and many more. While I do not have an picture show to working other than India, I do have experience working in 6 to 7 states in India. The challenge is no different as the culture in India changes from one state to another & infact its different within states also. Thus as a leader you need to be open to understand & adopt to such changes, lead & manage them effectively.Engage people, reciprocate & build trustOne of the major challenges in todays world for the Leaders is How effectively you engage your people. People atomic number 18 the prime movers. Leaders who realize this can scarcely be successful in acquire the desired goals. In this era, the challenge for the Leaders is to continually engage people, build trust & sustain.Nimble & Pay 360 degrees attention to set standardsTodays leaders need to be more open & flexible. Gone are the days of Autocratic means of leadership. A leader need to be proactive, watchful in terms perception as perceptions need to be managed & be decisive.Connect to other Leaders & CommunicateNetworking is an important trait of an effective leader. Gone are the days wherein Leaders are perceived as Master of all thus it is essential that Todays leaders understand the fact & place such connects for better results. We as a leader need to continuously be connected to all such sources who may be experts in individually of their areas or fields. There is tremendous revolution observed in the field of communication with the advent of mobile phone, internet, facebook, twitter etc,. Leaders need to effectively give all such means to get & remain connected thus making him more accessible.Manage Uncertainity & VolatilityChange is the order of the day & ofcourse the only thing which is consta nt in the worls. The biggest challenge a leader faces in todays world is Managing Change. The change may be in terms of technology, system, laws, processes etc, but the biggest challenge lies in how does the leader identify & adopt himself to the changing needs & drive the people to adopt the change successfully.Morals & ValuesMorals & Values adoptive by individuals make their identity. Living by these morals & values, despite them being challenged creates value & these traits differentiate an ordinary person & a Leader. Each Leader whimsicality we adore depicts such values Mahatma Gandhi depicts Integrity, Bill Gates depicts Innovation, Mother Terrisa depicts Compassion, Nelson Mandela depicts Endurance & many more. What we need to understand & realize from each of these leaders is that their acts reflected the value which is notch the Talk. The leaders need to imbibe such traits to be successful.

Islamic Religion Essay

Sayyid Qutb also known as (Father of Modern Muslim Extremism) is an academic and generator who is said to be one of the most significant thinkers in new-fashioned and contemporary Arab Islamic resurgence, innate(p) on the 8th of October 1960 and living his life until universe executed by hanging on the twenty-ninth of August 1966. His briny imp make a motion on Islam is through his expression of the religion as a habitual philosophy, a political and social force with the potential to provide solutions to all societal problems.Qutb believed that returning to a true Islamic state would provide social justice and cure societal malaise as Islam stands against corruption, oppression and capitalism. His main beliefs, including the concept of jahiliyyah (a non-Muslim) and his understanding of jihad ar expressed through his two main books The Shade of the Quran and Milestones. These books were heavily criticised by many Orthodox Muslims and Salafi scholars, they atomic number 18 widel y read. Directly opposing Jahilliyah comprehend authorities had been placed in the minds of a new generation of Muslim youth.In this sense it is readable to see that he has had a dramatic nub on the development and expression of Islam. Although many hidebound Muslims and Islamic scholars believe he lacked respect for Islamic customss and wrongly interpreted the Quran, many other Muslims and modern Jihadists consider him a martyr. Qutb came to reject e verything about the west due to the experiences he faced while tour America, including democracy and nationalism. The United States at that time was, politically and socially, perhaps at the height of the West.Because it was so bad, he concluded that nonhing the west had to offer was good. Unfortunately the Egyptian government at that time was very pro-western, and his new views brought him into conflict with the current regime. Like so many other novel radicals, he was impel in prison, where deprivation and torture were the n orm. it was there, horrified by the barbarism of the camp guards, that he probably lost hope that the current regime could be called Muslim. These Muslims kept the survival of his a legacy, believing his effect on the development and expression of Islam to be a positive one.A society whose legislation does non rest on divine law (shariat Allah) is not Muslim, however ardently its individuals may circulate themselves Muslim, even if they pray, fast and make the pilgrim eon. What we did not know was that Sayyid Qutb was soon to be the mentor of the notorious Osama salt away Laden, who would come later to be known for terrorist activites. Ethics conjureual Ethics The Quran is the basic source of good t to each oneings, such as judgements, statements in it either remind humanity of the basic common sense created by God, or extend this common sense to specific examples or situations and present specific behavioural expectations. some other teaching is the Hadith it contains the te achings and sayings of Prophet Muhammad that explain the teachings of the Quran. It places the Quran into the context of daily life. The Sirah is a similar collection of flora aiming to clarify the teachings within the Quran however the collection of stories has none of the prophets original work. Islam considers wind upuality to be a part of a persons divinely created identity with the deification goal being marriage and procreation. It is considered that sex is an essential human behaviour that needs to be satisfied but decent and lawfully.Islam prohibits any deprivation of human behaviour looks at the proper (legal) use of sex as an act of worship (Ibadah). The Hadith contains adduces that relate to the sexual practice and correct application of Allahs gift of sexuality. They are your garments and you are their garments. (2. 187) the metaphor of the garment is a very powerful one as it brings home the message. It creates in the mind a picture of the relationship needed for a happy and healthy marriage. Clothes are a basic necessity for humans. They are used for warmth as well as beauty.Sex is the ultimate expression of love and is total physical and emotional encounter. The ethical teachings that surrounds Islamic life, are intractable by the Al Quran, the sacred writing brought by the last prophet Muhammad battle cry by word from the Islamic god Allah. This sacred writing is taught through the 114 Suras (chapters) of the Al Quran. The Hadith, second to the Quran in importance and authority, are collections of Islamic traditions and laws (Sunnah). The Sharia refers to how Muslims should live or the path they must follow.This includes traditional sayings of Muhammad. Fiqh Arabic for the world Islamic jurisprudence, Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic Law based on the Quran and Sunnah, it complements Sharia with evolving rulings and interpretations of Islamic Jurists. The Fiqh deals with the observance of the rituals, morals and social obligat ions. (Jurisprudence) states that you must surrender to the will of Allah it is the most fundamental Islamic value. A Muslim must try ones hardest to establish good according to the order fixed by Allah because each person is Gods agent on earth and has responsibility to Allah, Muhammads teachings gives specifics for Marriage and Pre-marital sex.The ideal goal being marriage and procreation, marriage is a legally binding contractual arrangement (called Nikah), sex outside of marriage is forbidden and seen as an attack on the community as well as a breach of this contract. If a Muslim engages in premarital sex, he/she are seen as not submitting to the will of Allah, very harsh penalties will be advised if this act is carried out. Muslims treat marriage as the norm and whilst celibacy is discouraged, fornication is absolutely condemned this act can lead to the touching, kissing, or the exposing of their bodies of Islamic people.The quote below explains how to do this in an acceptable and legal way for Islamic adherence. Marriage is my tradition. He who rejects my tradition is not of me. Marriage is half of religion. The other half is being God fearing Quran 43 In Allahs rulings, there is no fixed rule as to the age of marriage. It is becoming fashionable for young Muslim men not to marry until they have completed their education, have a job, or reached age 26-30 or more. Similarly young Muslim girls say they want to marry after age 24.conversely the teachings of the Quran Homosexuality are condemned to all of Islam. The aims of natural sexuality are procreation and homosexuality does not reserve this. Islam accepts no justification for the unnatural sin of homosexuality. Punishment is encouraged but not prescribed. The Quran has an oblique part of lesbian behaviour (lutiyya) And those of your women, who commit legal sexual intercourse, take the evidence of four witnesses from amongst you against them and if they testify, confine them to houses until remainder comes to them or Allah ordains for them some other way.

Source related work on Prohibition

Both look-alikes were produced at the beginning of the 20th Century and were probably produced/intended as propaganda. The send off source C was published in the 1910 and was possibly produced by the Anti Saloon League or the Womens Christian Temperance Union. These were pressing groups, which wanted to ban the use of alcohol due to the negative effectuate of alcohol. Source C is a double picture, a background picture and a foreground picture. It is a double picture to show the two sides of people who get affected by alcohol. The background picture is a saloon and the main characters stand out more than anyone on both pictures. The main characters atomic number 18 the barkeeper and the customer. These are in the middle of the picture to emphasise it.The expression on the barmans face is gratify because he is make a large income whereas the customers expression looks as if he is inebriated. This shows he has already had a lot to drink and wants more alcohol. The customer is a paying a sack of bullion to the barman labelled weeks wages to show many people like him are wasting all their money on booze. This is making him and his family unworthy. At the top of the picture is a sarcastic phrase The poor mans club which is in big bold writing to stand out to readers. The phrase means that all the men in the club are gradually becoming poor when they go to the saloon bar time later on time. The second part of the heading is The most expensive in the world to belong to. This is non as big and bold as the phrase but it still makes a very clear rouse about the saloon. This is that if you go to the saloon, you will be robbed of all your money.The foreground picture is of a very poor women and her young child in a dirty room. She looks deprived and the child seems like he does not know whats happening. The sentence above says The saloon is well named The poor mans club It keeps its members and families always poor. This is a very effectual line, which means t he saloons take all your money and keeps you r families poor. The main point of this picture is that drinking and buy alcohol is harming families and this is the emotional part of the picture. This picture is obviously for prohibition and most likely produced by pressure groups. This picture is detailed and aimed at the rich people.Source D is a poster published in 1915. It is a single picture of two children, a girl and a younger boy stand outside a saloon. You can tell this by the swinging doors. At the top of the picture is a bold heading saying Daddys in there showing that he has left his children to go in the saloon bar. This means that he spends most of his money on alcohol instead of on his family. underneath the picture says And our shoes and stacking and nourishment are in the saloon too, and theyll never come out. This means that the money spent in the saloon should be used to buy more important things like food and clothes. The girl is aware of what is happening, as sh e is older whereas the boy is too young to realise what is happening. Immediately from looking at the picture and reading the headings you can tell it is for prohibition.The picture is bare compared to source C as this is aimed at the poor working people as this poster is more obvious than the other one. This is in like manner an emotional picture but the image is to make you think. At that time the picture had to be prefatorial as the poor people had no education and this poster was ideal for them. Both pictures/posters were published forrader the time of prohibition, which suggests that they only assume that the outcome would be successful. These posters are made by pressure groups making it more likely that they are biased as not every family where in this situation. Source D is a more realistic than C, but source C is very detailed and obvious whereas D is vague.

Individual Analysis for Engstrom Auto Mirror Plant

Engstrom Auto Mirror im embed, as a privately owned c eithering, it manufactured mirrors for trucks and automobiles. The managers aimed to sum up productivity for sustainable development of the company. Back in 1998, to pursue highly productivity, the projectt was redesigning its production lines to bear new technology, however, the transition was not smooth, few problems had emerged, such as the staffs moral and efficiency declining and the internal contradictions be intensified between the managers and employees. As the result of it, the previous manger resigned in 1998.After that, the new manager, Ron Bent believed in the power of worker bonus programs and wanted to establish one at Engstrom. Eventually, the plant adopted the S flowerpotlon end as incentive program because a substantial majority of workers wanted it. Due to institute the plan, the plant was achieving growth, higher profits and consistent quality standards, the employees were also receiving good financial r ewards. Over a seven-year period, business had been good in the company, However, a downturn hit the industry in 2005 because of the declining of the workforces morale along with the gross sales figures.In 2006, Bent had been forced to lay off 46 of his 255 employees. The trust between the managers and employees was shaken and the main problems by the complaints of workers was distrust of bonus calculations and question of fairness between the supervisors and employees. In this role, Bent thought to make changes desperately before conditions deteriorated further. There are several factors that cause the issues in the Engstrom. Firstly, according to the equity theory, employees focus on the fairness of their work outcomes in proportion to their work inputs.In the Engstrom, some employees thought that supervisors did not working as hard as them, however, the supervisors got the bonus probably higher or equal to them. Therefore, employees complained about unjustness and the unreaso nableness of the incident that could be a decline in morale. More seriously, the trust between the managers and employees were likely to declined dramatically because they felt up the award or punishment system was not fairness to them that impart be a contradict effect for the normal operation of the plant. Secondly, the plant was lack of setting up of flexible incentive mechanism.Although the plant instituted the Scanlon Plan to motivate their employees, the managers did not consider to further alter the incentive program before the issues was appearing. Additionally, they did not properly feedback and value views of employees, why the enthusiasm waned and suggestion rates dropped. The employees gradually were a lack of a sense of belongingness and low recognition from the company. For me, I give hold in two possible options for Bent to repose the crisis for their plant. 1. The plant should improve the Scanlon Plan by the managers.It means that the managers should focus on the recognition and appreciation for their employees which as integral components of a winning strategic reward system. It could be posted a top xx list of employees who perform their jobs excellently in every month. At the same time, it sends personal letters in the name of the company to convey appreciation to them. 2. The second option is to change the Scanlon Plan with another plan that is collect different ideas from the staffs (sometimes are workers representative) in every week by face-to-face meeting.If some ideas could be accepted by managers, the employees who give the recommendation will be praised at the meeting. Further, the company will give rewards to employees if their suggestions through practice bring economic gain for the Engstrom. According to my analysis, the problems are distrust between the managers and employees and unfairness of rewards between the employees and supervisors. In order to keep productivity and profitability of the plant, it should resolve th e issues urgently before the situation deteriorated further. I recommend the option two is better for Bent to deal with these problems for the plant.Firstly, communication is the most classical factor that affects the relationship between managers and employees. If the managers could listen advices of the work in time from their employees, it not only will be more easier to handle the existing problem in the company, but also will improve the relationship between managers and employees because the staff feel the company takes, to respect and to trust them, feel oneself is in enterprises one, and they can have the confidence and the sense of responsibility for the development of their company.Secondly, it is to give the appreciation by managers to employees frequently that will improve the employee morale because they will feel more attached to their company. As the result of this, employees will charge to their work without any complaint. Consequently, because of the improvement o f relationship and employee morale, the efficiency and productivity of company will improve with the efforts of all staff and give them corresponding reward.Although the first option is probably to resolve the crisis for the Engstrom, it is not a long-run incentive program because the communication between the managers and employees is not so much compared with the second option and some problems in the plant may be not addressed immediately by managers. Therefore, the Engstrom should change their incentive plan to built the good relationship, seek advices from subordinates and give employees corresponding reward. In conclusion, I suggest that tear could choose the second option to handle this crisis in their plant before conditions deteriorated further.

Market Segmentation Notes

Definition of Market memberation A mart termreferring tothe aggregating of prospective buyers into groups ( subdivisions) that drop common haves and lead respond identic on the wholey to a marting action. Market pieceation enables companies to target opposite categories of consumers who perceive the full value of certain products and services otherwise from one another. Generally three criteria provide be used to identify unalike market segments 1) homogeneity (common needs within segment) 2) Distinction (unique from other groups) 3) Reaction (similar response to market) Investopedia explains Market SegmentationFor example, an athletic footwear club powerfulness have market segments for basketball players and long-distance runners. As distinct groups, basketball players and long-distance runners bequeath respond to very different advertisements. Market division is a marketing strategy that involves dividing a commodious target market into subsets of consumers who have common needs and applications for the relevant goods and services. Depending on the specific characteristics of the product, these subsets may be divided by criteria such as age and gender, or other distinctions, exchangeable location or income.Marketing campaigns can then be designed and implemented to target these specific customer segments. Why Segment? One of the main reasons for using market segmentation is to abet companies to better understand the needs of a specific customer base. Mass marketing assumes that all customers be the said(prenominal) and will respond to the same advertising. By looking at modalitys in which potential customer groups atomic number 18 different from each other, the marketing message can be better targeted to the needs and wants of those battalion.Often, dividing consumers by clearly defined criteria will help the fraternity identify other applications for their products that may not have been obvious before. These revelations a great dea l help the company target a larger audience in that same demographic classification, improving market sh be among a specific base. Segmenting the market can also serve to identify smaller groups of people who make up their own, previously unknown subsets, further improving the overall efficiency of the companys marketing efforts.Segmentation Strategies correspond to experts, in order to be a good market segment, a group should meet quintet criteria 1. It should be possible to identify and measure it, 2. it should be big enough to be worth the effort, 3. it should be easy to reach it, 4. it should not change speedily, 5. and it should be responsive. Market segmentation strategies that meet these criteria can span wide range of consumer characteristics. Subsets may be defined by basic demographics equal age, race, or gender, for example.Other qualities, like educational background or income can also be used, as can location. Some of the potentially most powerful variables by whic h to segment a market are behavioral ones, including social class, lifestyle, and interests. In most scenarios, there will be at least a few established customers who excrete into more than one category, barely marketing strategists normally allow for this phenomenon. In fact, the overlap in criteria among consumers often leads to additional segmentation and requires adjusted marketing strategies.A marketing plan that targets people who fall into several groups like women over 30 who earn a high income, for example may be more flourishing than one that focuses on just one limited characteristic. Other Benefits Along with playing a occasion in the development of bleak marketing approaches, market segmentation can also help a company identify ways to enhance customer loyalty with existing clients. As part of the service of identifying specific groups within the larger client base, the company will often run surveys which encourage customers to apprise ways of improving the c ompanys products or services.This may lead to changes in packaging or other similar cosmetic changes that do not necessarily impact the core product, but sometimes making a few simple changes in the appearance sends a clear message to consumers that recognizing their needs is as pregnant to the company as making sales. This demonstration of good might go a long way to strengthen the ties between the consumer and the producer. Market segmentation is not only beneficial to the manufacturer or retailer, but can also have benefits to a consumer as well.People in a particular market segment may get special deals on products as the company focuses on that group, or find that those products are available more widely. When a company responds to consumer feedback, it can mean that those people get changes in report card or packaging that better meet the users needs. Disadvantages of Market Segmentation One of the biggest disadvantages of this marketing technique is the expense. A great dea l of research often needs to be done to correctly identify those subsets that are most important for a company, and this takes time and money.Once the key subsets are identified, different marketing messages usually need to be developed for each. In addition, changing the appearance of a product based on which segment it is being sold to adds to the production costs. If the market isnt segmented effectively, then all this money will be wasted. When the market segments that are identified are too narrow, it may be difficult for a company to be profitable. Niche marketing can work for some industries, but if the tastes of that subset change or a stronger competitor enters the field, a company that has focused too much on the one segment can lose its customer base quickly.Targeting smaller segments also means that potential consumers outside of those groups may be ignored and their business lost. The Concept of Market Segmentation Market segmentation is the division of a market into di fferent groups of customers with distinctly similar needs and product/service requirements. Or to put it another way, market segmentation is the division of a mass market into identifiable and distinct groups or segments, each of which have common characteristics and needs and display similar responses to marketing actions.Market segmentation was first defined as a condition of growth when core markets have already been developed on a generalised stand to the point where additional promotional expenditures are yielding diminishing returns (Smith, 1956). There is now widespread accordance that they form an important foundation for successful marketing strategies and activities (Wind, 1978 Hooley and Saunders, 1993). The purpose of market segmentation is to leverage scarce resources in other words, to ensure that the elements of the marketing mix, price, distribution, products and promotion, are designed to meet particular needs of different customer groups.Since companies have fini te resources it is not possible to produce all possible products for all the people, all of the time. The best that can be aimed for is to provide selected offerings for selected groups of people, most of the time. This process allows organizations to focus on specific customers needs, in the most efficient and effective way. As Beane and Ennis (1987) eloquently commented, a company with limited resources needs to gazump only the best opportunities to pursue. The market segmentation concept is related to product differentiation.If you aim at different market segments, you might adapt different variations of your offering to satisfy those segments, and equally if you adapt different versions of your offering, this may appeal to different market segments. Since there is less competition, your approach is less likely to be copied and so either approach will do. An example in the area of fashion retailing might be if you adapt your clothing range so that your skirts are more colourful, use lighter fabrics, and a very short hemline, for instance, this styling is more likely to appeal more to younger women.If resourcely, you decide to target sometime(a) women, then you might need to change the styling of your skirts to suit them by using darker, heavier fabrics, with a longer hemline. This is only what Marks and Spencer (M&S) did to attract a younger female shopper into their M&S stores and compete more right off with Next and Debenhams for share of this market. The company launched a range of female clothing called Per Una, and three years on the fashion range has been a huge success reportedly generating annual sales of nearly ? 230 mmore than 10 per cent of the total womenswear sales at M&S.If you start by adapting new product variants, you are using a product differentiation approach. If you start with the customers needs, you are using a market segmentation approach. This is illustrated more clearly in Figure 6. 2 using offering rather than product to indi cate that the same concept may apply to a service. A relational marketing perspective would replace the marketing mixthe 4Ps either with the 7Ps (see Chapter 15) or with a word of the need to design, develop, and deliver the customer experience (see Chapter 17).The concept of market segmentation was first proposed as an alternative market development technique in imperfectly competitive markets, that is, in markets where there are relatively few competitors selling an identical product. Where there are lots of competitors selling identical products, market segmentation and product differentiation produce similar results as competitors imitate your strategic approach more quickly and product differentiation approaches meet market segment needs more closely. With an increasing proliferation of tastes in forward-looking society, consumers have increased disposable incomes.As a result, marketers have sought to design product and service offerings about consumer demand (market segmen tation) more than around their own production needs (product differentiation) and they use market research to allege this process (see Market Insight 6. 1 and Chapter 4). Segmentation criteria for consumer markets Segmenting criteria for goods and services markets Kotler and Armstrong define market segmentation as dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour and who might require carve up products or marketing mixes (Armstrong and Kotler, 2005 54).