Introduction Of Vodafone Company

Introduction Of Vodafone Company Vodafone Company has a long way since them making the first ever mobile call on 1 January 1985. Today Company operating with more than 371 million customers around the world. A small mobile operator in Newbury has grown as a global business and the seventh most valuable brand in the world. Now run its operation in more than 30 countries and partner with networks in over 40 more. C:UsersuserDesktop7.jpg In this connected world, its no longer just about being able to talk and text. Vodafone network allows people to share their images and videos as soon as theyre captured. In 1991 Vodafone company made worlds first international mobile roaming call, and very recently introduced Vodafone Money Transfer which allows emerging market customers to send and receive money safely and easily using their mobile phone. 1.0.1-Mission We will be the communications leader in an increasingly connected world 1.0.2-Vision Unleash the power of Vodafone to transform societies and enable sustainable living for all 1.1-Introduction of Lanka Bell Lanka Bell is a world class Telecommunication operator that provides best quality service to businesses and its residential customers. Lanka Bell was started in 1997 within an investment of over US $ 150 million. C:UsersuserDesktopla.jpg 1.1.1-Vision Be Sri Lankas premier Next generation communication Information Solution Provider 1.1.2-Mission To provide innovative next generation technological solution by identifying and meeting customers need better than any other industry player, while maximizing the growth of our business for the benefit of our stake holders Organization structure of Vodafone Company Group CEO Chief of staffs Internal Communication Board of Directors Europe Group External Affairs Group Legal Group HR Group Finance Group Techno-logy Group Comm-ercial Strategy Business Develop-ment Africa, Middle East Asia Pacific A Departm-ent for each Country A Departm-ent for each Country Structure of Vodafone Company Matrix structure is a type of management system that workers report more than one person, effectively having more than one supervisor at the same time. As the structure of Vodafone Company they follow matrix structure. Read more: How to Define Matrix Structure | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_4423113_define-matrix-structure.html#ixzz25WQ3YFvr Some features of Matrix Structure This structure allows focusing on their areas of expertise for the supervisors. And functional supervisors could focus on hiring, training and managing employees in their field and project supervisors can focus on achieve the goals of specific projects or products. Allows employees from different departments to come together temporarily to work on special project team. Provides flexibility to respond quickly to a customer need by creating a team of people who devote all of their time to a project then return to their departments or join a new project team. Culture As a Vodafone Company they following Task culture, task culture works as selecting a team to complete a particular task. This is one of the effective ways in todays modern business world to complete a task to date. There are benefits: They can make decisions within team members They feel valued because they selected within the team They have full responsibility to bring the task successful end Team members feel motivated because they are empowered to make decisions. http://www.learnmanagement2.com/culture.htm Organization structure of Lanka Bell Board of Directors Managing Director Other Staffs Laborers Senior Staffs General Manager-Information Technology Deputy General Manager-Credit control General Manager- Enterprise International Business General Manager- Technical Operations General Manager-Admin Logistics General Manager- Legal Structure of Lanka Bell Assumption Its an assumption that Lanka Bell is using Functional structure. Lanka Bell structure is based on Functional structure. This is one of the most common structures using within the company, this structure consists of units and departmental groups identified by specialty. Such as engineering, marketing, finance, sales and human resources that are controlled by the top level of management. Some advantages of Functional structure Specialization- each department focuses on its own work Accountability- someone is responsible for the section Clarity- know your and others roles Easy to focus on single product or service Creates teamwork Creates a career ladder Read more: The Functional Structure of an Organization | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_6134117_functional-structure-organization.html#ixzz25cK37j32 Culture Lanka Bell culture is based on power culture. In power culture is influenced by key people. In this type of culture all the decisions are made by key people in the organization. Hence, manger is the person who will take the decisions. To adopt this culture its important all the employees need to make good relation with each other. In another hand mangers and senior management never consult form employees while taking decisions. This end up most that employees get de-motivated because, of not consulting. Relationship between an organizations structure and culture can have on their performance of Vodafone Lanka Bell. Organizational culture and structure have a dependent relationship with one another. And these are one of the most important elements that need to successfully run the organization. Organizational structure is the way in which arranges management of the company and power lines. As based on Vodafone and Lanka Bells structure and culture, it has difference between two companies. Vodafone uses Matrix structure and task culture, and Lanka Bell uses Functional structure and power culture. Strength of structure and culture of Vodafone Company Maximizes co-operation and communication among team members. Freedom and autonomy to take responsibility for their work activities. Having opportunity to achieve companys goals as a team. Strength of structure and culture of Lanka Bell Company Each and every staff has specific task to complete Every staffs are specialize for their role It will be easy to take decision http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-relationship-between-organizational-structure-and-organizational-culture.htm How organization theory underpins the practice of management Organizational theory used in many aspects of a working business. In every organization, many staffs they believe the theory help them become better on their jobs and more successful in their life. Although this may lead them having to sacrifice some of their main beliefs in order to succeed. One example of organizational theory in the financial sector would be an employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition someone in a human resources sector will have to make decisions throughout their working day that will definitely change the structure and practice of a working day for all other staff in the company. http://management.blurtit.com/q7346416.html Different approaches to management used by the Vodafone and Lanka Bell. Human Relations Approach. Human relation approach has been followed by both companies. Lanka Bell and Vodafone. Professor Elton Mayos (1880-1949) research, human interaction or group relationships effects the productivity and it increase the motivation of the employees. So as far as this approach concerns Vodafone allows more human interaction as they practice little bit of team approach within the company, also their department have coordination. However, Lanka Bell human interact is limit to some extent as they have divided into separate division. Each division will work separately to achieve its target, more often divisions may deviate from the organizational goals as they work as separate divisions. System Approach Section:2 Different Leadership styles in Vodafone and lanka bell Assumption Its an assumption that Vodafone is using democratic leadership and Lanka Bell is used in Autocratic leadership style. Democratic Leadership According to Vodafone Companys information it shows that the company is following democratic leadership style. In democratic leadership style manager will never take a decision without consulting to subordinates. This means that employees get a chance to express their ideas to the management level. Democratic leader ship also helps employees to share their ideas among the team. While team member will feel good in the working environment, as they will also looking benefits this leader ship style also can lead for better ideas and knowledge. Leads to higher productivity among group members. Autocratic leadership style The leadership style used in Lanka Bell is Autocratic and this not a modern style. As autocratic style manager retains more power as well as decision making authority. In this style staffs they do not have their role in decision making and they are not allowed to give input. So this style is not good for work as a team. And this is one of the best leadership style that can use in situation where control is necessary. Section:2 Significant technological breakthrough has taken place last week that affects both Vodafone and Lanka Bell and also the industry as a whole. Discuss the impact that different leadership style may have on motivation of employees of Vodafone and Lanka Bell in this circumstance. This is an assumption that 3D mobile phone has been introduced. Last week apple has been introduced Glasses-free 3D I phone to the market. And this is the first 3D mobile phone that could use without glasses. So many of the mobile service provider in the world are planning to upgrade their network for the new technology, includes Vodafone and Lanka Bell. Vodafone Company As the Vodafone Company they are using democratic leadership, so their staffs are having wide participation in decision making and it is not a difficult for the management of Vodafone to get new idea from the staffs. As a result of democratic leadership style: It increase staffs motivation and commitment to the decision made It helps employees strengthen their professional development by participating in dialogues. And also it helps to improve job satisfaction. By having group discussions which can offer useful ideas. And management put trust in employees and they encourage them to make decisions. So it will be easy to motivate staffs through democratic style. http://www.skills2lead.com/democratic-leadership-style.html Lanka Bell Company As the Lanka Bell Company, they are using autocratic leadership style. So its not easy to motivate their staffs as compare the democratic style. Because Company decisions are taking by management level and there are no involvements of company staffs. In autocratic leadership style: In autocratic leadership, staffs participation is limited in most aspects of work. And also they have no particular responsibilities so it will be difficult to motivate Lanka Bell staffs in breakthroughs like this. Staffs that working middle management and lower management should follow the decisions taking by manager or Ceo. One of the main features of autocratic style is Managers or senior staffs do not trust staffs, and simply they give orders that they expected to be obey. So staffs feel that they do not have independent working environment. Because of this management faces difficulties to motivate the staffs. Section-3 Apply different motivational theories within the workplace of Lanka Bell and compare them Maslows Hierarchy of Needs As Maslows theory every human must need five basic needs, it include; physiological needs, safety need, love or social needs, esteem needs and self- actualization. If Maslows theory applies in Lanka Bells lower level workers could be motivated by having them their basic needs such as; salary. If the company offers good salary workers would show their maximum. And also its very important to provide security like insurance and retirement benefits. To motivate workers there are some other factors that can affect social needs, status needs and self-fulfillment needs. Frederick Herzbergs Two factors theory Frederick Herzbergs theory is depends on main two factors, that is Motivational factors (need for personal growth) and Hygiene factors (need to avoid unpleasantness). As Lanka Bell they have applied motivational factors as that their employees by having challenging tasks and by recognizing staffs achievements. And also by having good salary and providing very well working environment. Comparison of two theories As Maslows theory it is based on the hierarchy of human needs and identified five (physiological needs, safety need, love or social needs, esteem needs and self- actualization) priority basis and their satisfaction in motivating employees. But according to Hertzberg theory he refers hygiene and motivating factors in his theory. Hygiene factors are dissatisfiers while motivating factors motivate subordinates. And it is not included hierarchical arrangements. Motivation theory for managers of Lanka Bell, and evaluate it usefulness in carrying out their job responsibilities effectively After the research did for identify the best motivation theory for the Managers of Lanka Bell Company, it shows one of the best and effective theory for every one (workers and Managers) is Frederick Herzbergs two factor theory. It includes; Hygiene factors Motivators Hygiene factors As the workers, there are some factors that should be fulfilled for the managers better than subordinates. Such as salary, job security and working conditions. By offering good salary and other benefits to the managers they would motivate employees to work hard and they would feel they are one of the most important assets of the Company. Motivators As Herzberg theory there are important factors (motivating factors) act as forces of job satisfaction. With these factors it makes managers and staffs happy with their jobs because they serve mans basic needs for psychological growth. In Herzberg theory these factors are five and are called motivators. Motivating factors are Achievement Recognition for Accomplishment Increased Responsibility Opportunity for growth and Development Creative and Challenging work

When Was Barbie Given Bendable Legs

Hatfield 1 Kristin Hatfield Professor Clark English 101 3037 Page 175 Assignment 4 Paper 5 October 31, 2012 Barbie – An American Icon Icons like Barbie recognized for their popularity and effects on society. Barbie is a subject of obsession all over the world. Collectors, consumers and even some designers become enthralled in the Barbie world. Designers create special designs to fit a specific trend of the high fashion runways. Collectors all over the world collect and spend amazing amounts of money to have the original Barbie in their collection.The consumers have made Barbie a true icon in American culture. The Barbie doll was invented in 1959 by Ruth Handler (co-founder of Mattel), whose own daughter was called Barbara. The Barbie doll was introduced to the world at the American Toy Fair in New York City. Barbie's job was teenage fashion doll. In 1965, Barbie first had bendable legs, and eyes that open and shut. In 1967, a Twist ‘N Turn Barbie was released that had a moveable body that twisted at the waist. The best-selling Barbie doll ever was 1992 Totally Hair Barbie, with hair from the top of her head to her toes.The first Barbie was sold for $3. Additional clothing based on the latest runway trends from Paris were sold, costing from $1 to $5. In the first year (1959), 300,000 Barbie dolls were sold. Today, a mint condition â€Å"#1† (1959 Barbie doll) can fetch as much as $27,450. To date, over 70 fashion designers have made clothes for Mattel, using over 105 million yards of fabric. Barbie has had a huge impact on the fashion industry for over fifty years. . (Mary Bellis, About. com Guide) Hatfield 2 This is what the proportions of a life-size Barbie doll would look likeImage from (thefrisky. com) There has been some controversy over Barbie Doll's figure when it was realized that if Barbie was a real person her measurements would be an impossible 36-18-38. Barbie's â€Å"real† measurements are 5 inches (bust), 3 ? inches (wais t), 5 3/16 inches (hips). Her weight is 7 ? ounces, and her height is 11. 5 inches tall. These measurements seem unattainable to me as a woman living in a world of super-sized portions of food at every corner. Nevertheless, Mattel has also responded to concerns about Barbie’s body.In 1997 Barbie’s body mold was redesigned and given a wider waist, which would make her â€Å"better suited to contemporary fashion designs. †(The Examiner. com) I can clearly remember my first Barbie. I was five years old. It was Christmas day and I was very excited to own my very own Barbie. Along with the doll I also received a dream house, a pink corvette, swimming pool, and even a Ken doll to make the â€Å"Barbie world† complete. I was instantly obsessed with the idea and the make believe life I imagined for my dolls. Not once did I ever think of these dolls as role models or as having a certain body image that I must follow n order to be accepted in society.Unfortunately, a lot of mothers and women believe that the doll has made young women obsessive about their size and looks. Hatfield 3 Overall, this American Icon has influenced our culture in a way Mattel probably never could have ever imagined. Barbie is a doll that creates and follows fashion trends just as the world does. This iconic doll has changed her clothing, hairstyles, automobiles, friends, houses and pets. Barbie is one doll that never goes out of style and has made fashion dolls a great pastime for collectors and children young and old.

Early to Middle Childhood Essay

If you ever seen a preschooler rushing off to play with a neighborhood friend, you know the enjoyment that children derive from being with their peers. Aside from this enjoyment, peer relationship is significant to a child’s social development. At the beginning of early childhood up to the middle childhood, children become less dependent on their parents. At the age of 2, children play independently with their toys but later in this period, children will tend to play with interaction. This change in the mode of playing of children will be formalized in the start of school age. Other than enjoyment, play becomes a material for social improvements. It allows children to be more competent in their social interactions with others and serves as a way to develop self-control. They avoid hitting an opponent who outlasted them and they tend to develop control of emotions (Selman et al. , 1983; Feldman, 1982). Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development The theory of psychologist Jean Piaget is the most well known of all the theories in cognitive development. He suggested two stages during early childhood and middle childhood. The movement from one stage to another requires a proper amount of maturation and experiences. Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years) The use of language is the major development during the preoperational stage. In this stage, children develop their sense of representation of the world that allows them to describe people, events, and feelings. They even use symbols in play to represent a particular object. For example, a book that was pushed across the floor is a car for them. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 years) The mastery of the concept of conservation marked the beginning of the concrete operation stage. During this stage, children develop their ability to think in a more logical manner. The egocentrism characteristic of the preoperational period is slowly disappearing in this stage. One of the things that the children learn at this stage is the principle of reversibility, the idea that some changes can be undone by reversing the earlier action that result to the change. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development In trying to trace the course of social development, Eric Erikson developed the most comprehensive theory of social development. He included two stages during childhood which include the initiative versus guilt stage and the industry versus inferiority stage. Initiative versus Guilt Stage (age 3 to 6) In this stage, the major conflict is the desire of a child to initiate an activity independently but feeling the guilt that bring by the consequences of such activity. Parents take a big part in helping their child to adapt with this stage. They should react positively and take time to resolve problems under this stage. Industry versus Inferiority Stage (age 6-12) During this period, successful psychosocial development is featured by increasing competency across all tasks, may it be social interactions or academic skills. Intelligence Intelligence can take on many different meanings. A person who reason logically and identify more solutions in a problem is considered intelligent. Another is verbal abilities which are also attributed as being intelligent. Intelligence in a more focused meaning is the capacity to understand the world, think critically and rationally and use resources in an effective manner when face with challenges. The first formal intelligent test was performed by Alfred Binet. He used this test to identify the dullest student in Paris school system in order to provide them with corrective assistance. However, theories of intelligence began to unravel the mysteries of our intellect. One of the first theory in intelligence assumed that there was a single factor contributing to mental ability, called the g-factor (Spearman, 1927). Consequently, psychologist L. L. Thurstone suggested that there are several primary mental abilities underlying general intelligence. By using innovative statistical technique, he classified a variety of subcomponents of intelligence which includes numerical ability, reasoning, verbal fluency, memory and verbal comprehension. Other than that, Howard Gardner proposed an idea that we have seven multiple intelligence. In these seven multiple intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, and interpersonal intelligence can be seen during childhood years. Gender Identity Our society holds well-defined stereotypes about men and women, and they prevail regardless of age, economic status, and social and educational background. Although the difference in many studies about men and women may conclude large difference, still it is not the reality. In considering the differences that were documented, it can be seen that there are more similarity than difference between men and women. One of the most known differences between men and women is their degree of aggression. By the time they are 2 years old, boys tend to show more aggression than girls and this continues throughout their lifespan. Furthermore, during the middle childhood, children are quite different in the level of self-esteem. Girls, on the average, have lower self-esteem compared to boys. References Feldman, R. S. (1982). Development of non-verbal behavior in children. New York: Spriner-Verlag. Harder, A. F. â€Å"The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson†. Learning Place Online. Retrieved April 3, 2009 @ http://www. support4change. com/stages/cycles/Erikson. html Selman, R. L. , Schorin, M. Z. , Stone, C. R. & Phelps, E. (1983). A naturalistic study of children’s social understanding. Developmental Psychology, 19, 82-102 Spearman, C. (1927). The Abilities of Man. London: Macmillan.

Alternative Tempest Essays - English-language Films, Fozzy

Alternative Tempest Essays - English-language Films, Fozzy Alternative Tempest The Alternative Tempest The play opens with a group of drunken Muppets from Italy, Gonzo, a blue monster thing with a bent nose, the King of Naples, Kermit a green frog with massive eyes, sailing home after the marriage of his daughter to the King of Tunis. They were drunk because they had previously been over to France on a 'booze cruise' in search of the duty frees. During the voyage the weather suddenly got a lot worse but nobody noticed because they were soused out of their tiny minds, apart from this weird bloke with a really tiny head that nobody know his name. He hangs around with a pink elephant, or so they thought! The ship tips from side to side and the puppets, oops I mean people on board don't jump off, they fall off and somehow float to shore. From this point onward, all the action occurs on the island. In the second scene, we meet Fozzy Bear, the former Duke of Milan. Fozzy explains to his daughter, Miss Piggy, how he was constantly high on 'Junior Disprol' and cheap orangeade and so he lost his Dukedom twelve years previous. His brother, the Swedish Chef who had received financial help from King Gonzo, had overthrown him. Meanwhile, Dr Bunsen Honeydew, (a genius scientist with a head that looks exactly like a big, green melon) had ordered an old nobleman to, Rowlf (a big dog with a passion for playing on his saxophone) to abandon Fozzy Bear and his young daughter out at sea in a leaky boat. Rowlf however was feeling sorry for them and provided food, drink and a bit of totty on the side to keep them busy. On shore Fozzy and Miss Piggy had found one other inhabitant, his name was Animal, a demented red furred monster that seemed to take a fancy to Miss Piggy. At first Fozzy liked Animal and decided to educate him until he tried 'it on' with her and Fozzy had no choice but to give him a damn good kicking. Fozzy Bear had also found a rat-like creature that said he was a spirit but had been imprisoned in a tree. Fozzy had to set him free by swinging Animal around his head and smashing him onto the tree, thus destroying it. Rizzo the Rat had to promise to obey his commands as a condition of letting him out, otherwise he would let Animal eat him. Still under Fozzy's commands Rizzo lures Dr Honeydew's son, Clifford, away from the rest of the group and towards Fozzy's cell but when Clifford lays eyes on Miss Piggy he thought WellI haven't had 'any' for a while now and she's not too bad. She fell in love with him but only because she had never seen a man her own age before. Fozzy's match-making plan was working and to get them even more together he decided to put difficulties in their way, as he knew that his daughter would do the opposite of anything her father tells her to do. Accordingly, in spite of Miss Piggy's pleas for mercy Clifford is apprehended as a prisoner and condemned to give Animal piggyback rides round the island to stop him pestering Fozzy's daughter. In the meantime, Dr Honeydew reckons that his son has been in an accident involving whipped cream and a hamster and is filled with grief. Rowlf tries to comfort the doctor but is irritated by what he regards as false optimism. Their search for Clifford has tired them out and they are forced to lie down and rest. While they are asleep, the Swedish Chef, the current Duke of Milan, suggests to Sam the Eagle (he was called that because, well he was a bird), that they kill Doc Honeydew and seize his throne. Rizzo the Rat, however, has heard their plotting and wakes up Rowlf in time. The Swedish Chef and Sam the Eagle claim that they drew their Uzis to protect the sleeping party from wild animals. Their story is believed and the royal party moves on to continue the search for Clifford. Andy and Randy Pig, the Jester and the butler give Animal some cheap booze from France and he

Massacre at Mystic Essays

Massacre at Mystic Essays Massacre at Mystic Paper Massacre at Mystic Paper Day 1: Massacre at Mystic The first day took place on May 26th, 1637 in a Pequot village at Missituck (located near the Mystic River in Connecticut). What happened was the English and Indian allies had attacked the Pequot village. Within that group, there were 70 English, 70 Mohegans, and 500 Narragansetts. The Mohegans and the Narragan were the allies of the English. The English were Puritans from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, led by Major John Mason and Captain John Underhill. The massacre was the first time the English had been involved in the killings of Native Americans. The purpose of the Puritans migrating to America was to start a new life and for religious freedom from England. The Pequot village was the wealthiest, largest, and powerful tribe of Connecticut. The Pequots were also dominant in military and political force. Part of the Massacre at Mystic started when two â€Å"Block Islanders,† who were thought to be Pequot but were really a subtribe of the Narragansett, pretended to seek trade with John Oldham. Once they were aboard his ship, they killed him and stole all of his goods. Along with the murder of Oldham, the murder of John Underhill also led to John Endicott seeking revenge on the Pequots. The Puritans officially declared when the Pequot started killing colonists, capturing women, slaughtering livestock, and burning storehouses from the English Population. The battle lasted less than an hour. The English captured whoever they could find and beheaded them and tortured them, among with other things. One 160 men went looking for Sassacus, who was traveling with 400 followers. Once they finally found him, the English tried to negotiate the release of 200 women and children, but he slipped away. He later had his head cut off from trying to get help from the Mohawk, who were Sassacus’ old enemies, and they sent it to the English as a token of friendship. The war officially ended in September 1638 when tribal leaders that were left signed the Treaty of Hartford. This treaty revoked legal recognition of the Pequot nation.

Does Welfare Reform in New York City Work Essay

Does Welfare Reform in New York City Work - Essay Example It stretched from accommodating few natives to a large influx of immigrants from Latin America and other parts of the world. The city had not come up with a long term strategy to include all these new members. So the welfare system was overburdened and after some years (forty years), it started becoming inefficient. In the nineties, employees working for the welfare system in the City felt unsafe and started reinforcing their offices to protect themselves. Clients on welfare had to waste most of their day waiting for welfare workers who could not even deliver upon meeting the clients. Client files started getting lost; welfare workers did not complete cases and kept jumping from client to client so there was no case of continuity. This made most clients angry and they vented out their frustrations on social workers forcing security guards to intervene. This meant that people on welfare could not make time for other productive activities because they spent most of their time trying to chase for benefits and looking for child care. 'Mass confusion' are the perhaps the most appropriate words to use when describing the city's welfare prior to 1995. The New York welfare system underwent a rapid change between 1995 and 2001 or we could say that reforms were introduced. These reforms occurred during Rudolph Giuliani's term as New York mayor. Some of the changes that the welfare system saw were the decline in number of people on welfare; from one point one million to about six hundred. The welfare system's method of approach also changed. Instead of giving checks to clients, they were given jobs; it became employment based instead of issuing handouts. However, there is another side to this reform. Jobs were not just dished out from all directions. Welfare clients had to prove that they were compliant. This implied that the so called 'difficult clients' were not considered this included drug addicts and the like. Besides, this there were problems in system management and all these will be looked at in the subsequent sections in detail. Welfare reforms were not 'the knight on a white horse' for the residents of the City of New York. (Mead, 1992) 2.0 Literature review There are a number of changes that were observed during Giuliani's regime. There is no doubt that the general approach was work oriented. From the 1995 to 1999, most of the policies imposed sanctions and mainly dealt with work requirements. Clients were required to meet a certain criteria and if they were did not comply, then they were met by sanctions. During this time, New York saw the rejection of about a large number of adults. Cases of sanctioning increased from eight percent to fourteen percent. Besides these, the system was characterized by compulsory workfare jobs. This implied that there were a number of adults that were involved in work experience program jobs. These were more of assignments than actual jobs. However in the last years of Giuliani's regime (99-01) emphasis on workfare started diminishing and some emphasis was now being placed on training for jobs. This involved the three plus two model. Welfare adults were required to attend three days of workfare and they were also supposed to dedicate the remaining two days of the week to a training program such as education or job readiness service. There were also a number of programs that focused on special groups.

Courtly Love Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Courtly Love - Research Paper Example Christianity advocated for real love between two individuals of opposite sex who eventually ended up marrying and establishing a family together, while prohibiting any form of love, passion or desire by the married couples outside of their marriage. On the other hand, the concept of Courtly Love introduced a completely different perception of love, requiring that married ladies could still develop passion and have romance outside of their marriage, as long as they did not violate the rules of chastity and infidelity (Donaldson, 16). The fundamental principle of Courtly Love was that marriages were arranged, and had nothing to do with love, as long as such marriages brought wealth and power, as well as other material benefits to the participants and their families. Nevertheless, while the Courtly Love was a noble idea meant to allow married people, especially ladies to experience love and romance that they did not get out of their marriages which were not based on love, it eventually resulted into illicit and tragic love affairs that did not follow the laid down rules, as exemplified by William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†. ... Most of such ladies were engaged in marriages for the convenience of their families in protecting their material wealth and power, as opposed to marrying out of love, thus living in marriages that had no happiness and where intimacy and romance did not fully exist, because the marriage partners did not have strong feelings for each other (Capellanus, 44). It is through the rise of the concept of Courtly Love, that such ladies were allowed to develop passion for the knights and courtiers who served within the kingly courts, given a leeway by the rule that marriage did not stop them from loving again and engaging in passionate romance with the knights and the courtiers, as long as they adhered to the rules of maintaining chastity and avoiding infidelity (Boase, 31). Nevertheless, with the leeway to engage in passionate romance and to love the knights and the courtiers, it was inevitable for such romances to develop into real feelings of love and lust for sexual engagements, which event ually saw such ladies engage in illicit love affairs with the knights and courtiers, thus breaking the rules of fidelity and chastity, and eventually ending up in tragedies (Jackson, 243). William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is one of the love literatures that were inspired b the concept of Courtly Love, which depicts the love triangle involving the ruling house and other revered families fighting for the love of 13-year old Juliet (Shakespeare, 23). The literature is motivated by the arranged marriage concept of the middle ages, where Count Paris, who is a member of the ruling family, seeks to marry Juliet out of an agreement reached